TABLE IV.

Summary of recent publications on clinical utility through patient-derived samples. HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Authors, reference	Targets	Cell line	On-chip model	Time	Chip material	Hydrogel materials	Microfluidic design
Hafezi et al.110	Molecularly engineer TCR-T cells that could retain their polyfunctionality seen in patients while minimizing the associated risk of organ rejection	HepG2.2.15, HepG2, peripheral blood mononuclear cells	Labeled TCR-T cells were added to the microfluidic device containing dissociated HepG2-Env target cells	3–5 days	PDMS, SU-8	Matrigel	The device comprising a gel region with adjoining media channels separated from the gel channel by trapezoidal posts111
Virumbrales-Munoz et al.109	Generate organotypic primary patient-specific blood vessel models using normal and tumor-associated primary CD31+ selected cells	Normal (NEnC) and tumor-associated primary CD31+ selected cells (TEnC)	Microfluidic tubular vessel models	3–4 days	PDMS	Collagen type I	The device has a hexagonal chamber with two side ports for hydrogel injection and two differently sized ports that hold a PDMS rod and are designed to enable passive pumping for fluid flow through the lumen [Fig. 4(c)]
Zhou et al.112	Streamlining the on-chip separation, capture, immunofluorescence assay and/or in situ culture of isolated cells	HeLa, Hep G2, CTCs	Integrated CTC procurement and on-chip culture	11 days	SU-8, PDMS	N/A	The device consists of two main parts: a separation channel and a micropost-array chamber for cell trapping and culture
Al-Samadi, et al.113	Isolated cancer cells, patients' serum, and immune cells; test the efficacy of immunotherapy on HNSCC patient samples	Human tongue SCC, HNSCC patient samples, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells	Tongue cancer cell line (HSC-3) embedded in a human tumor-derived matrix (Myogel/fibrin) and immune cells	3 days	PDMS, SU-8	Myogel/fibrin gel	Microfluidic structure contains a deep central chamber for the immune cells, which is connected to the neighboring cancer cell containing channels via microchannels. The channels incorporating the cancer cells are linked to the immune cell containing channel from both sides [Fig. 4(a)]
Aref et al.38	Evaluation of murine- and patient-derived organotypic tumor spheroids	MDOTS/PDOTS	MDOTS/PDOTS-containing tumor, immune, and stromal cells were cultured in the chip with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies [Fig. 4(b)]	5–9 days	3D cell culture chip (AIM Biotech)	Type I and IV collagen	The device consists of three microfluidic chambers each with a central gel channel flanked by two media channels