. 2023 Jan 14;23:105. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15014-1

Table 3.

Means, standard deviations, α, and correlations with confidence intervals for employees’ and leaders’ sample

Variable	M	SD	α	1	2	3
Employees
1. health-oriented leadership	4.18	1.72	.94
2. self-rated health status	3.81	1.21	–	.41**
2. self-rated health status				[.33, .49]
3. job satisfaction	2.89	0.61	.89	.70**	.42**
3. job satisfaction				[.64, .74]	[.34, .50]
4. age	43.38	13.19	–	−.08	−.22**	.01
4. age				[−.17, .02]	[−.31, −.13]	[−.09, .10]
5. education level	–	–	–	.07⁺	.18**⁺	.02⁺
5. education level				[−.03, .16]	[.09, .27]	[−.07, .12]
Leaders
1. health-oriented leadership	5.27	1.27	.89
2. self-rated health status	4.05	1.01	–	.28**
2. self-rated health status				[.09, .45]
3. job satisfaction	3.02	0.55	.86	.41**	.42**
3. job satisfaction				[.23, .56]	[.24, .56]
4. age	42.03	11.78	–	.06	−.22*	.20*
4. age				[−.13, .26]	[−.40, −.02]	[.00, .38]
5. education level	–	–	–	−.08⁺	.12⁺	−.06⁺
5. education level				[−.27, .12]	[−.08, .31]	[−.25, .14]

Note. M and SD are used to represent mean and standard deviation, respectively. Values in square brackets indicate the 95% confidence interval for each correlation. The confidence interval is a plausible range of population correlations that could have caused the sample correlation (Cumming, 2014). * indicates p < .05. ** indicates p < .01. ⁺Cases in which Kendall’s Tau is reported instead of Pearson correlation coefficient because of the ordinal scale of the variable education level