Table 4.
Univariable and Multivariable Analyses of Predictors Associated with Relapse in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
| Variable | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Age (>40 yr) | 0.617 (0.327–1.163) | 0.136 | 0.987 (0.965–1.009) | 0.247 | |
| Sex (female) | 1.065 (0.539–2.102) | 0.857 | |||
| Current smoker | 0.982 (0.456–2.112) | 0.962 | |||
| Disease duration (>2 yr) | 1.434 (0.768–2.678) | 0.257 | |||
| History of abdominal surgery | 1.140 (0.406–3.201) | 0.804 | |||
| Enterotype based on EVs | |||||
| Type 1 | Reference | ||||
| Type 2 | 0.600 (0.289–1.247) | 0.171 | 0.772 (0.335–1.777) | 0.542 | |
| C-reactive protein (>0.5 mg/dL) | 2.801 (1.485–5.283) | 0.001* | 1.379 (0.653–2.910) | 0.400 | |
| Fecal calprotectin (>250 mg/kg) | 3.418 (1.828–6.389) | <0.001* | 3.147 (1.545–6.408) | 0.002* | |
| Medication use | |||||
| Steroids | 3.033 (1.500–6.135) | 0.002* | 1.827 (0.784–4.260) | 0.163 | |
| Immune modulators | 2.227 (1.208–4.106) | 0.010* | 0.892 (0.413–1.927) | 0.772 | |
| TNF-α inhibitors | 2.226 (1.123–4.414) | 0.022* | 1.777 (0.786–4.015) | 0.167 | |
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; EV, extracellular vesicle; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
p-values were calculated using Cox regression. Relapse was defined as a composite outcome of (1) new use of steroids, immunomodulators, and biologics; (2) a visit to an emergency department; (3) hospitalization; or (4) abdominal surgery.*p<0.05.