Table 2.
Michigan Medicine Dataset Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes.a
| All |
Control (no VPA during MI) |
Case (VPA treated during MI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (90) | % | N (64) | % | N (26) | % | P | |
|
| |||||||
| Bipolar disorder | 25 | (27.8) | 13 | (20.3) | 12 | (46.2) | .013 |
| Epilepsy | 20 | (22.2) | 13 | (20.3) | 7 | (26.9) | .494 |
| Male | 54 | (60.0) | 40 | (62.5) | 14 | (53.8) | .448 |
| White | 90 | (100.0) | 64 | (100.0) | 26 | (100.0) | 1.000 |
| STEMI | 15 | (16.7) | 5 | (7.8) | 10 | (38.5) | .001 |
| Previous MI | 21 | (23.3) | 14 | (21.9) | 7 | (26.9) | .608 |
| Dementia | 4 | (4.4) | 1 | (1.6) | 3 | (11.5) | .071 |
| PD | 25 | (27.8) | 19 | (29.7) | 6 | (23.1) | .526 |
| Diabetes | 38 | (42.2) | 27 | (42.2) | 11 | (42.3) | .992 |
| Renal dysfunction | 22 | (24.4) | 19 | (29.7) | 3 | (11.5) | .l04 |
| BMI (N = 58) | 27.7 | (+ 10.0) | 27.0 | (±8.3) | 31.7 | (±11.6) | .030 |
| Hypertension | 67 | (74.4) | 47 | (73.4) | 20 | (76.9) | .731 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 51 | (56.7) | 35 | (54.7) | 16 | (61.5) | .552 |
| Smoking status (N = 79) | .303 | ||||||
| Everyday smoker | 14 | (15.6) | 8 | (17.0) | 6 | (27.3) | |
| Some day smoker | 4 | (4.4) | 2 | (4.3) | 2 | (9.1) | |
| Former smoker | 36 | (40.0) | 28 | (59.6) | 8 | (36.4) | |
| Never smoker | 14 | (15.6) | 8 | (17.0) | 6 | (27.3) | |
| Passive exposure | 1 | (1.1) | 1 | (2.1) | 0 | (0.0) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 10 | (11.1) | 7 | (10.9) | 3 | (11.5) | 1.000 |
| Valvular disease | 7 | (7.8) | 7 | (10.9) | 0 | (0.0) | .l03 |
| Stroke | 4 | (4.4) | 3 | (4.7) | 1 | (3.8) | 1.000 |
| Beta blocker | 32 | (35.6) | 19 | (29.7) | 13 | (50.0) | .068 |
| ACE inhibitor | 17 | (18.9) | 11 | (17.2) | 6 | (23.1) | .518 |
| ARB | 12 | (13.3) | 6 | (9.4) | 6 | (23.1) | .083 |
| Statin | 41 | (45.6) | 23 | (35.9) | 18 | (69.2) | .004 |
| MRA | 4 | (4.4) | 0 | (0.0) | 4 | (15.4) | .006 |
| Antiplatelet therapy | 44 | (48.9) | 28 | (43.8) | 16 | (61.5) | .l26 |
| Loop diuretic | 12 | (13.3) | 5 | (7.8) | 7 | (26.9) | .034 |
| Thiazide diuretic | 9 | (10.0) | 6 | (9.4) | 3 | (11.5) | .714 |
| Non-DHP CCB | 7 | (7.8) | 3 | (4.7) | 4 | (15.4) | .l86 |
| DHP CCB | 15 | (16.7) | 9 | (14.1) | 6 | (23.1) | .298 |
| Digoxin | 3 | (3.3) | 1 | (1.6) | 2 | (7.7) | .l99 |
| PCI (N = 87) | 26 | (28.9) | 16 | (25.0) | 10 | (38.5) | .l90 |
| Catheterization (N = 89) | 50 | (55.6) | 29 | (45.3) | 21 | (80.8) | .003 |
| Death | 43 | (47.8) | 35 | (54.7) | 8 | (30.8) | .040 |
| Cause of death | |||||||
| Cardiovascular | 6 | (6.7) | 3 | (4.7) | 3 | (11.5) | |
| Non-cardiovascular | 14 | (15.6) | 14 | (21.9) | 0 | (0.0) | .010 |
| Unknown | 23 | (25.6) | 18 | (28.1) | 5 | (19.2) | |
| Alive | 47 | (52.2) | 29 | (45.3) | 18 | (69.2) | |
| Heart failure | 46 | (51.1) | 33 | (51.6) | 13 | (50.0) | .893 |
| Age | 59 | (±17) | 59 | (±16) | 59 | (±17) | .947 |
| Follow up | 731 | (+1399) | 614 | (± 1245) | 1227 | (±1580) | .451 |
| High-dose VPA (≥ 1000 mg/day) | 11 | (12.2) | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | (100.0) | 1.000 |
| Low-dose VPA (<1000 mg/day) | 14 | (15.6) | 0 | 0.0 | 14 | (l00.0) | 1.000 |
Abbreviations: STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; MI, myocardial infarction; PD, pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme;ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; CCB, calcium channel blocker; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; VPA, valproic acid; DHP, dihydropyridine.
a
Bolded P-values indicate P < .05.