Table 2.
Clinical manifestations of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
| Characteristic | Incidence (%) | Reference number |
|---|---|---|
| Symptom/sign | ||
| Preceding COVID-19-like illness | 25 | 9 |
| Fever | 100 | 7,11, 12, 13, 21, 28, 29, 47, 50 |
| Gastrointestinal symptom | 60–100 | 7, 9, 12, 20, 21, 28, 29, 50, 80 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 44–68 | 7, 8, 13, 17, 20, 21, 29, 47 |
| Diarrhea | 40–78 | 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 29, 47 |
| Abdominal pain | 49–78 | 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 29, 47 |
| Cardiac symptom/sign | 31–66 | 7, 9, 12, 28, 50, 80 |
| Hypotension | 27–59 | 7, 11, 13, 47, 80 |
| Shock | 40–80 | 7, 9, 13, 17, 20, 21, 25, 28, 29, 47 |
| Mucocutaneous symptom/sign | ||
| Conjunctival injection | 31–83 | 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 20, 21, 28, 29, 47, 50 |
| Red, fissured lips | 37–49 | 20 |
| Strawberry tongue | 11–23 | 20, 50 |
| Cervical lymphadenopathy | 30–70 | 12, 13, 20, 21, 28, 29, 47, 50 |
| Skin rashes | 50–70 | 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 20, 21, 28, 29, 47, 50 |
| Palmar and plantar swelling/redness, scaling | 21–68 | 12, 13, 20, 21, 28, 29, 50 |
| Respiratory symptom/sign | ||
| Sore throat | 7–20 | 7, 13, 21 |
| Cough | 10–41 | 7, 13, 17, 21, 47, 50 |
| Dyspnea | 19–29 | 7, 13, 27, 28, 47 |
| Chest pain/tightness | 11–15 | 13 |
| Pneumonia by image | 13–19 | 20, 25, 50 |
| Pleural effusion | 10–20 | 12, 20, 25 |
| Neuromuscular symptoms | 13–46 | 7, 9, 13, 20, 29 |
| Headache | 24–70 | 7, 13, 21, 47 |
| Myalgia | 17–66 | 12, 20, 25 |
| Laboratory test | ||
| Anemia | 8–49 | 29 |
| Lymphopenia | 37–81 | 13, 25, 28 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 11–31 | 13, 25 |
| Increased ESR | 56–77 | 13, 29 |
| Increased CRP | 93–100 | 13, 29 |
| Increased procalcitonin | 42–100 | 13 |
| Increased ferritin | 54–75 | 13, 29 |
| Increased troponin | 33–95 | 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 25, 29 |
| Increased proBNP | 54–95 | 12, 13, 14, 21, 25, 29 |
| Decreased LVEF by echocardiogram | 24–58 | 12, 14, 20, 21, 47 |
| Myocarditis | 29–87 | 9, 11, 13, 17, 20, 21, 25, 29 |
| Pericardial effusion | 13–28 | 12, 20, 21, 25 |
| Coronary artery dilatation | 10–48 | 9, 12, 13, 17, 20, 21, 25, 28, 47, 50 |
| Increased D-dimer | 69–98 | 9, 13, 29 |
| Increased fibrinogen | 26–86 | 13, 29 |
| Hypoalbuminemia | 16–76 | 13, 29 |
| Increased AST/ALT | 43–60 | 12 |
| Acute kidney injury | 10–16 | 9, 13, 21, 25, 29 |
| Sterile pyuria | 50–75 | 7 |
| RT-PCR (+) | 21–52 | 7, 9, 12, 13, 47 |
| Management | ||
| Intensive care | 31–85 | 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 21, 25, 29, 50, 80 |
| Mechanical ventilator | 10–32 | 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 25, 28, 29, 47, 80 |
| ECMO | 2–36 | 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 24, 29, 80 |
| Death | 1–3 | 7, 9, 12, 13, 17, 21, 25, 28, 29, 47, 50 |
ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; proBNP, pro-brain natriuretic peptide; EKG, electrocardiogram; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.