Table 5.

Characteristics of studies included in the Active transport comparison

Study ID	Study design (ROB)	Country	Intervention and comparison description	Participants	Outcomes reported
1. Brown 2016 [60]	CBA	USA	Street improvements including new bike lanes, wider and better lit sidewalks. Participants living near (within 800 m) the intervention street were compared with those living farther away	Adults who planned to stay in the neighbourhood for at least a year	Physical activity
2. Benjamin Neelon 2015 [61]	CBA	USA	Built environment changes including new sidewalks and crosswalks Additional components: walking/running clubs in the elementary schools and in the community and provision of portable play equipment Compared to no intervention	Children attending elementary school in study communities, and their adult parents	Physical activity; Body weight and related measures
3. Chapman 2014 [70]	CBA	New Zealand	Infrastructure upgrading e.g., footpath renewal, new tracks, new cycle paths, lighting, bike stands, shared space or pathway projects, etc Compared to no intervention	Occupants 10 years and older in households randomly selected	Physical activity
4. Dill 2014 [65]	CBA	USA	Installation of bicycle boulevards to reduce the speed and volume of motor vehicles and create a better environment for people on bicycles, compared to no intervention	Children aged 5 to 17 and adult parent or guardian physically able to ride a bicycle, have access to a working bicycle, and not be intending to move in the near future	Physical activity
5. Frank 2019 [64]	CBA	Canada	Building of the Comox greenway, to improve conditions for bicyclists. The two-kilometre route consists of a mix of cycling facilities and other streetscape improvements Proximity to infrastructure changes was compared to those farther away	Residents in study communities with no plans to move during the study period	Physical activity
6. Fitzhugh 2010 [57]	CBA	USA	Building of an urban greenway/trail to connect the pedestrian infrastructure with nearby retail establishments and schools Compared to no intervention	Individuals observed in study neighbourhoods	Physical activity
7. Goodman 2013 [56]	CBA	UK	Connect2 Initiative: one flagship engineering project and improvements to cycle routes. One in Cardiff, where a traffic-free bridge was built over Cardiff Bay; Kenilworth, where a traffic-free bridge was built over a busy trunk road; and Southampton, where an informal riverside footpath was turned into a boardwalk. Towns implemented educational and promotional activities as well	Adults 18 years and older living within 5 kms of the projects	Physical activity
8. Hong 2016 [66]	CBA	USA	Building of new light rail line Those residing < ½ mile to the new infrastructure compared to those residing farther away (> ½ mile)	Households interested to participate in study	Physical activity
9. Hirsch 2017 [67]	CBA	USA	Additions of the Hiawatha Trail (4.7 miles) and Midtown Greenway (5.5 miles); these provide 10.2 miles of off-road paved paths, including a dedicated bicycle/pedestrian bridge over a busy freeway Comparison: Before vs after changes for those near (25th percentile/1.08 km) the infrastructure	Census data used	Physical activity
10. Jung 2017 [59]	CBA	Korea	Design street project (including the improvement of sidewalks, public spaces, signs, fences, and other physical elements of the streets) vs typical street	2016 + 15,686 responses	Satisfaction
11. McDonald 2013 [62]	CBA	USA	Safe Routes to School (SRTS) programme: includes arms with education + covered bike parking, and with education + Sidewalks/crosswalks Compared to schools with no SRTS programme	Schools (classroom and parent surveys)	Physical activity
12. Pazin 2016 [69]	CBA	Brazil	New avenue, parking lots, and an on-road walking and cycling route, built along the seashore Those living nearer (0-500 m) to the new infrastructure were compared to those farther away (501–1000)	Adults 18 years and older residing in study area	Physical activity
13. Prins 2017 [63]	CBA	Scotland	Construction of a new 5-mile, six-lane section of motorway, to relieve through traffic on an existing urban motorway, promote economic regeneration, and remove traffic from local streets to create a more pedestrian- and cycle-friendly environment	Adults ≥ 16 years residing in study areas	Physical activity; Mental health
14. Rissel 2015 [58]	CBA	Australia	New cycling infrastructure of 2.4 km length built by the City of Sydney as part of its expanding bicycle network Compared to no intervention	Individuals 18–55 years living in geographic proximity to study areas	Physical activity
15. Østergaard 2015 [55]	CBA	Denmark	Physical environment changes in schools to increase cycling, including road surfacing, signposting and traffic regulation such as one-way streets and regulation of car drop off zones, plus 'soft' interventions (motivation and safety encouragement) Compared to no intervention	Public school children in 4th and 5th grade	Physical activity, Body weight and related measures; Adverse events (injuries)
16. West 2011 [68]	CBA	USA	Building of a new greenway for recreational use Those living near the greenway (within .5 miles) were compared to those living far (within .51–1.0 miles)	Property owners living within 1 mile of the greenway	Physical activity
17. Skov-Petersen 2017 [42]	ITS	Denmark	Improvements to two routes: cycle greenway (Vestvolden) and a cycle highway (Albertslund Route), including new surface and light conditions along a substantial part of the routes. Additional components: roller skate tracks, and a range of information activities including the establishment of an information centre, the installation of signs, and the publication of leaflets, audio guides, etc	Counts of participants using the routes	Physical activity
18. Grunseit 2019 [40]	ITS	Australia	Construction of multi-use recreational walking and cycling loop trail	Data from two infrared pyroelectric counters on the trails	Physical activity