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. 2023 Jan 16;21:14. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01778-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Physical Structure of tendon-bone insertion. a The histological staining of tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion (H&E, and Masson staining). Reproduced with permission [46]. b Zone I consists of the ligament. Zone II comprises nonmineralized fibrocartilage. Zone III is composed of mineralized cartilage. Zone IV consists of bone. Tidemark between Zone II and Zone III (black arrow) is shown. Reproduced with permission [7]. c The tidemark stained with H&E. Reproduced with permission [46]. d The schematic of tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion. RCT indicates rotator cuff tendon; ACL indicates anterior cruciate ligament; NFC indicates non-mineralized fibrocartilage; MFC indicates mineralized fibrocartilage; UF indicates uncalcified fibrocartilage; CF indicates calcified fibrocartilage; T indicates tidemark; ECM indicates extracellular matrix. Reproduced with permission [46]