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. 2023 Jan 16;49(2):191–204. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06949-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Mean QI adherence [percentages] over time before and after implementation of the intervention (model-based principal analysis for each patient QI). Black continuous lines display the global (marginal) effect (fixed effects without random effects) for each QI. Coloured dashed lines display the fixed effects and cluster-specific intercepts (without patient-specific intercepts). Vertical dashed grey line: actual switch from control to the intervention period. For QI 4 and QI 6, the principal model could not estimate the variance component for the cluster-specific intercepts (due to lack of variability). Therefore, estimates of the sensitivity analysis model SM.5 are displayed (see Appendix for further details)