TABLE 2.
Clinical and preclincal application of 3D bioprinting in craniofacial tissue engineering
| S. no | 3D printer | Clinical Indication and application | Material | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Desktop M220, Apium Additive Technologies GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) | Cranioplasty/class III and class IV craniofacial defects | Polyetheretherketone | 259 |
| 2 | Custom 3D printer | Craniofacial osseous defects | Polymethyl methacrylate | 260 |
| 3 | Fused deposition using system Duplicator i3 (Wanhao, China) | Mandibular defects in an in vivo rodent model | LayFomm polymer (blend of polyvinyl alcohol and polyurethane) | 261 |
| 4 | Fused Deposition Modeling using commercial SpiderBot 4.0 HT 3D printer equipped with printing‐bed and internal chamber heating | In vitro study with potential bone tissue engineering applications | Polyetheretherketone nanocomposites with 10 wt% HA, SrHA and ZnHA | 262 |
| 5 | NA | In vitro analysis for craniofacial application | Titanium | 263 |
| 6 | 3D‐powder printing system (Z‐Corporation, USA) | Vertical bone augmentation in the rabbit calvaria | Tri‐calcium phosphate | 264 |
| 7 | Additive manufacturing using customized 3D printer | Repeat surgery for restenosis | NA | 265 |
| 8 | Fused deposition modeling using Makerbot Replicator 2X, Makerbot, USA | Craniofacial bone reconstruction | 15 wt% of zirconia (ZrO2) as well as 30, 35, and 40 wt% of beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) were compounded with polyamide 12 | 266 |
| 9 | Selective laser sintering using EOSINT P800 printer (EOS GmbH, Krailling, Germany) | Critical‐sized mandibular defects in rabbits | Polyetherketoneketone | 267 |
| 10 | 3DP Printer, T&R Biofab Co Ltd) | Nasal Septal Deformities | Polycaprolactone | 268 |
| 11 | Stereolithographic customized 3D printer | Mandible, including the temporomandibular joint | Polymethyl methacrylate | 269 |
| 12 | Extrusion‐based 3D plotting using Bioscaffolder 3.1, GeSiM mbH, Radeberg, German | Preclinical model study: Bone grafts for cleft alveolar osteoplasty | Calcium phosphate cement | 270 |
| 13 | Extrusion‐based custom 3D printer | Large cranial defects | Calcium phosphate and titanium | 271 |
| 14 | Custom 3D printer | Craniofacial Regeneration | Decellularized bone matrix particles combined with polycaprolactone | 142 |
| 15 | Custom 3D printer | Cranial implant | Polymethyl methacrylate | 272 |
| 16 | Objet500 Connex 3D and Stratasys | Cranioplasty | Polymethyl methacrylate | 273 |
| 17 | custom 3D printer | Mandibular avulsion injuries | Polyetheretherketone and titanium | 274 |
| 18 | Multichannel plotter of BioScaffolder 3.1, GeSiM, Radeberg, Germany | Cleft alveolar bone defects | Calcium phosphate cement and fibrin | 275 |
| 19 | Custom 3D printer | Rabbit calvarial and mandibular critical‐sized bone defects | Biphasic calcium phosphate powder (40 wt% hydroxyapatite ‐ 60 wt% β‐tricalcium phosphate) | 276 |
| 20 | Desktop Makerbot Replicator 2 (Makerbot Industries, Brooklyn, NY) and Stratasys Fortus 250mc (Stratasys, Edenprairie, MN). | Secondary orbital reconstructions clinical study | Polylactic acid | 277 |
| 21 | Custom 3D printer | Implant for rabbit calvaria | Polycaprolactone composite | 278 |
| 22 | Custom 3D printer | Critical‐size porcine craniofacial bone defects | Collagen‐polycaprolactone composite | 279 |
| 23 | WASP 4070 Industrial printer | Decompressive craniotomy requiring surgery for cranioplasty | Poly(methyl methacrylate) | 280 |
| 24 | Fused Deposition Modeling using V2‐B Dual Extruder; Kraftmaker, Taipei, Taiwan | Repair of alveolar bone defects in rats | Polylactide | 281 |
| 25 | Custom 3D printer | Rabbit nasal reconstruction | Polycaprolactone | 282 |
| 26 | Custom 3D printer | Nasal septal deformities | Polycaprolactone | 283 |
| 27 | MakerBot Replicator Desktop 3D Printer (5th Generation), MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn, NY) | Craniofacial reconstruction | Polylactic acid | 284 |
| 28 | Custom 3D printer | Clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 3D printed bioceramic implants for the reconstruction of zygomatic bone defects | CaOSiO2‐P2O5‐B2O3 glass–ceramic | 285 |
| 29 | Custom‐made mechanical extrusion tool mounted on the Multi‐Arm BioPrinter | Calvarial bone regeneration | Composite made of polycaprolactone and poly (d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) | 286 |
| 30 | Drop‐on‐demand 3D‐printer (3Z Studio, Solidscape, Multistation, Dinard) | Preclinical study for craniofacial bone repair | Calcium phosphate implants | 287 |