TABLE 3.

The GO‐containing biomaterials USED in cardiac tissue engineering

Conductive substrate	Properties	Conductivity or resistance	Biological effect	References
Graphene oxide/chitosan	Porous structure	0.134 S m−1	Good cell viability, promotion of cell attachment and intercellular network formation, and upregulation of the cardiac‐specific gene and protein expression involved in muscle conduction of electrical signals (Connexin‐43)	308
Graphene oxide/collagen	Randomly oriented interconnected pores, 162 kPa tensile strength	~10−4 S m−1	Supported neonatal CMs' adhesion and upregulated the expression of the cardiac genes, including Cx43, Actin4, and Trpt‐2	188
Polyethylene terephthalate/graphene oxide	Electrospun core–shell nanofibers, a diameter of 253 ± 67 nm	1.3 × 10−6 S cm−1	Supports human umbilical vein endothelial cells' spreading morphology and CM elongated morphology	309
Hastalex (functionalised graphene oxide and poly[carbonate‐urea]urethane)	Contact angles of Hastalex surfaces (85.2 ± 1.1°), tensile strength 57.1 MPa	N/A	No negative effect on the RBC membranes, a moderate macrophage infiltration had been detected	310
Reduced graphene oxide foam templated by nickel foam	organ‐on‐a‐chip engineering of cardiac constructs	1.12 S cm−1	Good cell adherence, spreading, activity, organization, and beating function	158
oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate)/graphene oxide	Hydrogel, injectable	4.235 × 10−3 S cm−1	Improve cell attachment, enhanced the Ca2+ signal conduction of CM in the infarcted region, enhanced the generation of cytoskeletal structure and intercalated disc assembly	311