. 2023 Jan 9;2023:1725638. doi: 10.1155/2023/1725638

Table 3.

Serum biochemical parameters of control and trial groups.

Treatment group	Serum creatinine (mg/dl)	Total serum protein (G/dl)	Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl)	Serum AST (U/l)	Serum ALT (U/l)	Total bilirubin (mg/dl)
Normal control (saline 10 ml/kg)	0.49 ± 0.09	5.54 ± 0.32	28.32 ± 0.96	24.68 ± 1.70	25.33 ± 0.82	0.54 ± 0.11
Diabetes control (saline 10 ml/kg)	1.002 ± 0.019^∗∗∗	3.3 ± 0.09^∗∗∗	36.46 ± 0.35^∗∗∗	29.54 ± 0.35^∗∗∗	34.48 ± 0.36^∗∗∗	0.71 ± 0.04^∗∗∗
Alzheimer's control (saline 10 ml/kg)	0.30 ± 0.02^∗∗∗	5.50 ± 0.27^NS	20.40 ± 2.30^NS	24.12 ± 1.46^NS	22.04 ± 1.48^∗∗	0.46 ± 0.02^∗∗∗
Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg)	0.42 ± 0.04^NS	5.92 ± 0.06^∗	21.42 ± 0.38^NS	26.18 ± 0.52^NS	22.55 ± 0.30^∗∗	0.35 ± 0.03^∗∗∗
Rivastigmine (10 mg/kg)	1.84 ± 0.11^∗∗∗	7.76 ± 0.30^∗∗∗	21.00 ± 2.00^NS	64.90 ± 2.51^∗∗∗	49.38 ± 1.04^∗∗∗	1.06 ± 0.03^∗∗∗
Seed extract (100 mg/kg)	0.23 ± 0.03^∗∗∗	3.23 ± 0.02^∗∗∗	9.06 ± 0.51^∗∗∗	18.84 ± 0.62^∗∗∗	20.88 ± 1.61^∗∗∗	0.12 ± 0.01^∗∗∗
Seed extract (200 mg/kg)	0.52 ± 0.05^NS	4.23 ± 0.02^∗∗∗	15.8 ± 1.30^∗∗∗	26.76 ± 0.71^NS	30.94 ± 1.66^∗∗∗	0.22 ± 0.02^∗∗∗
Seed extract (400 mg/kg)	0.83 ± 0.04^∗∗∗	6.23 ± 0.02^∗∗∗	25.40 ± 1.81^∗∗∗	34.76 ± 0.71^∗∗∗	40.88 ± 1.61^∗∗∗	0.54 ± 0.03^NS

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM with significant levels of ^∗∗∗p < 0.001, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗p < 0.05, and NS are nonsignificant compared to the normal control group where ALT and AST represent alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, respectively.