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. 2023 Jan 17;30(14):42327–42338. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-25288-y

Table 5.

Heterogeneity test results

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Inland area Coastal area
EE GSST EE EE GSST EE
VFI  − 0.345*** (− 3.71)  − 0.052*** (− 4.57)  − 0.152* (− 1.77)  − 0.225* (− 1.95)  − 0.016 (− 1.54)  − 0.147 (− 1.41)
GSST 3.690*** (8.53) 4.918*** (6.08)
lnGDPPC  − 0.132* (− 1.77)  − 0.063*** (− 6.88) 0.101 (1.40)  − 0.616*** (− 2.90)  − 0.042** (− 2.23)  − 0.407** (− 2.09)
lnFDI  − 0.029*** (− 4.20) 0.001 (0.98)  − 0.033*** (− 5.19)  − 0.035 (− 1.16) 0.002 (0.88)  − 0.046* (− 1.71)
lnIDU  − 0.025 (− 0.51) 0.023*** (3.93)  − 0.111** (− 2.50) 0.179 (1.03) 0.032** (2.04) 0.024 (0.15)
lnGOV 0.012*** (4.51) 0.001*** (3.39) 0.008*** (3.27) 0.011* (1.88) 0.002*** (3.01) 0.003 (0.59)
Province FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Constant 2.158*** (5.05) 0.440*** (8.39) 0.535 (1.26) 5.280*** (4.73) 0.159 (1.59) 4.500*** (4.44)
R2 0.452 0.530 0.564 0.437 0.550 0.546
F test 11.10*** 15.20*** 16.59*** 5.72*** 9.01*** 8.41***
Observations 323 323 323 187 187 187

*, **, and *** denote significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively; t statistics in parentheses