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. 2023 Jan 16;6:52. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-04454-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Representative sections of HE stained lung tissues of mice treated by LPS, DHA. LPS treatment increased the number of inflammatory cells in the alveolar spaces, destructed the pulmonary interstitium, and ruptured collagen fibers compared to that from the control group. DHA mitigated LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. b Bar graphs represent significant decrease in percentages of T_reg in LPS treated group compared to healthy group, while significant increase in percentages of T_reg in DHA treated group compared to LPS treated group. Proportion of total CD152⁺ T_reg gated off the total CD4⁺ populations (n = 6, two-tailed Student t-test). c Survival curve of mice following single P. berghei ANKA infection or combined with LPS treatment under DHA treatment or without DHA treatment. The P. berghei ANKA-infected mice treated with LPS survived four days less than those only infected with P. berghei ANKA. On the contrary, DHA prolonged the survival time of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice treated with LPS (n = 8–10). Mice injected with LPS were previously infected with P. berghei ANKA for 4 days in LPS + ANKA group. d–i Serum abundance of IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL-2, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-10 increased in LPS-treated mice compared with healthy mice while significantly decreased in DHA-treated mice (n = 4–6, two-tailed Student t-test). The sera were collected at day 7 after DHA treatment and the levels of the cytokines were determined by cytometric bead array (CBA). j A schematic diagram of DHA in its modulation on immune cells. DHA inhibited LPS- and P. berghei ANKA- induced inflammation. Figure was created using BioRender and Agreement number was GC24OV5V07. The error bars indicate standard error.