Fig. 4.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, Notch pathway, NRF2 pathway, Hippo pathway, and Sonic Hedgehog pathway in head and neck cancer. Fzd frizzled receptor, Lrp receptor-related protein coreceptor, Dvl disheveled, CK1 casein kinase 1, GSK-3β glycogen synthase kinase 3β, APC adenomatous polyposis coli, TCF/LEF T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor, Dll 1/3/4 Delta-like family, HES1 hairy and enhancer of split 1, NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, KEAP1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, CUL3 cullin-3, ARE antioxidant-responsive elements, YAP yes-associated protein, TAZ transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif