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. 2023 Jan 16;8:32. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01300-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Crosstalk between phosphorylation and ubiquitination in autophagy regulation. SMURF1 forms a complex with UVRAG by binding to the PPxf motif and catalyzes K29- and K33-linked polyubiquitination of UVRAG at the K517 and K599 residues. Ubiquitinated UVRAG blocks RUBCN’s approach to the UVRAG-containing PIK3C3 complex, inhibiting the negative effect of RUBCN and promoting autophagosome maturation. CSNK1A1-mediated UVRAG phosphorylation at S522 disrupts the binding of SMURF1 to UVRAG and reverses UVRAG ubiquitination-mediated autophagosome maturation. CaMKII phosphorylates Beclin1 at S90 and subsequently increases TRAF6-catalyzed Beclin1 K63-ubiquitination, collectively contributing to autophagy induction for K63-linked ubiquitylated Id-1/2 degradation