Table 2.
Post-translational autophagy events in diseases
| Post-translational event | Modified protein | Modified site or type | Autophagy activation or inhibition | Disease types | The effect on diseases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylation | TFEB | K91, K103, K116, K430 | Activation | Tumor112 | Tumor suppression |
| TFEB | K274, K279, GCN5-mediated | Inhibition | Neurodegeneration113 | Neurodegeneration exacerbation | |
| P53 | K120, Tip60-mediated | Activation | Tumor114 | Tumor suppression | |
| P53 | K382, SIRT1-mediated | Activation | Tumor115 | Tumor suppression | |
| P53 | K373, K382, p300/CBP-mediated | Activation | HCC116 | Tumor suppression | |
| P53 | SIRT1-mediated | Inhibition | sepsis-induced acute kidney injury117 | Injury ↑ | |
| FOXO1 (cytoplasm) | K262, K265, K274, SIRT2-mediated | Activation | Tumor15,120 | Tumor suppression | |
| FOXO3a | HDAC4-mediaed | Inhibition | Vascular disorder121 | Vascular inflammation ↓ | |
| Beclin1 | K430, K437, p300- and p300/SIRT1-mediated | Inhibition | Tumor,124,125 sepsis-induced acute kidney injury126,127 | Tumor development | |
| LC3 | SIRT1-mediated | Activation | Liver cancer129 | Tumor development | |
| ATG5, ATG7 | SIRT1-mediated | Activation | Liver cancer130 | Chemoresistance | |
| STAT3/AKT | SIRT1-mediated | Activation | Adiposity131 | Adipogenesis ↓ | |
| STAT1 | HDAC4-mediated | Activation | Diabetes132 | Podocyte injury | |
| Cortactin/ tubulin | HDAC6-mediated | Inhibition | Juvenile-onset atypical Parkinson’s disease134 | Protein aggregates accumulation | |
| Microtubules | HDAC6-mediated | Activation | Spinal cord injury135 | Injury↓ | |
| α-tubulin | HDAC6-mediated | Activation | Prostate cancer,136 Cockayne syndrome137 | Tumor suppression, subcutaneous fat ↑ | |
| α-tubulin/Tau | HDAC6-mediated | Activation | Neurological disorders138 | / | |
| Ubiquitination | ULK1 | K63-linked, TRAF6-mediated | Activation | CML140 | Tumor development |
| Beclin1 | K63-linked, TRAF6-mediated | Activation | Lung cancer144 | Tumor development | |
| NSCLC147 | Tumor suppression | ||||
| VPS34 | K29, K48-linked | Inhibition | Steatosis148 | Lipid metabolism balance | |
| KLHL20-mediated | Inhibition | diabetes-associated muscle atrophy142 | – | ||
| LC3B | TRAF6-mediated | Activation | Tumor149 | Tumor development | |
| OPTN | K193 sites, K27, K48-linked, HACE1-mediated | Activation | Tumor139 | Tumor suppression | |
| p62 | K420 sites, K11-linked, SPOP-mediated | Inhibition | Prostate cancer152,153 | Tumor development | |
| Phosphorylation | ULK1 | S757,S504 p38 MAPK-mediated | Inhibition | Neuroinflammatory diseases154 | Inflammation ↑ |
| ULK1 | S469, S495, S533, TOPK-mediated | Inhibition | Glioma155 | Tumor suppression | |
| S405,S415 GSK3β-mediated | Activation | Pancreatic cancer156 | Tumor development | ||
| p62 | S351, ULK1-mediated | Activation | ALS-FTLD157 | Neurotoxicity | |
| ATG14 | S29, ULK1-mediated | Activation | Huntington’s disease158 | Polyglutamine disease protein clearance | |
| ATG5 | T101, PAK1-mediated | Inhibition | Brain tumor160 | Tumor development | |
| OPTN | S177, TBK1-meidated | Activation | Infectious disease162 | Salmonella clearance | |
| OPTN | S526, p85β-mediated | Inhibition | Tumor165 | Tumor development | |
| ATG4B | S383, MST4-mediated | Activation | Glioblastoma169 | Tumor development | |
| FOXO3a | S318, S321, CK1α-mediated | Inhibition | Multiple cancer171 | Tumor suppression | |
| FOXO3a | S253, AKT-mediated | Activation | NSCLC172 | Tumor suppression | |
| Beclin1 | PP2A-mediated | Activation | Neurodegeneration, tumor173–175 | Disease progress ↓ | |
| AMPKα | T172, PP2A-mediated | Activation | ischemia/reperfusion176 | Dysfunctional mitochondria clearance |