Figure 2.

Metabolic characteristics of AMPKα1-deficient macrophages. (A–I) Wild-type or AMPKα1 KO BMDMs were stimulated ±100 ng/ml LPS for 24 h. (A–H) Shown are representative Seahorse traces for (A) extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and (B) oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in which 1 μM oligomycin, 1 μM FCCP and a mix of 1 μM rotenone and 2 μM antimycin were added at times indicated by the dotted line. (C) Basal ECAR, (D) glycolytic capacity, (E) basal OCR, (F) ATP-linked respiration, (G) maximal respiration, and (H) proton leak are shown. For (A–H) data were normalised to protein content, and graphs represent the mean and SEM of results from 5 biological replicates. A p < 0.05 is indicated by ∗, p < 0.01 by ∗∗, p < 0.001 by ∗∗∗ and p < 0.0001 by ∗∗∗∗ (two-tailed Student’s t-test assuming unequal variance). (I) Lactate production was determined as described in Methods. Graphs represent the mean and standard deviation of results from 4 biological replicates. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)