Table 1.
Burnout and well-being in surgical literature at the individual, institutional, and national levels (2017–2022)
| Author (et al.) | Title | Study design | Category | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kratzke (2022) [50] | Self-compassion Training to Improve Well-being for Surgical Residents | Mixed-methods: pre-/post-surveys and focus groups | EI | Individual |
| Palamara (2022) [51] | Impact of a Virtual Professional Development Coaching Program on the Professional Fulfillment and Well-Being of Women Surgery Residents | RCT | EI | Individual |
| Brandt (2017) [6] | Sustaining A Career in Surgery | Perspective | EI | Individual |
| Standage (2020) [74] | Revitalizing the Patient-Surgeon Relationship: Surgical Curriculum Including the Patient Perspective | Pre-/post-intervention survey | EI | Individual |
| Song (2020) [52] | Can We Coach Resilience? An Evaluation of Professional Resilience Coaching as a Well-Being Initiative for Surgical Interns | Mixed-methods: quantitative pre-/post-intervention survey and qualitative interviews | Resilience | Individual |
| Lebares (2021) [53] | Enhanced Stress Resilience Training in Surgeons | RCT | Resilience | Individual |
| Lebares (2018) [54] | Feasibility of Formal Mindfulness-Based Stress-Resilience Training Among Surgery Interns | RCT | Mindfulness | Individual |
| Lebares (2019) [75] | Key Factors for Implementing Mindfulness-based | Focus groups/qualitative | Mindfulness | Individual |
| Saway (2021) [49] | Mindfulness in the OR: A Pilot Study Investigating the Efficacy of an Abbreviated Mindfulness Intervention on Improving Performance in the Operating Room | Pre-/post-intervention survey | Mindfulness | Individual |
| Allespach (2020) [57] | Practice Longer and Stronger: Maximizing the Physical Well-Being of Surgical Residents with Targeted Ergonomics Training | Pre-/post-intervention survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| Cerier (2022) [58] | Ergonomics Workshop Improves MSK Symptoms in General Surgery Residents | Pre-/post-intervention survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| Mueller (2018) [59] | A Facilitated-Group Approach to Wellness in Surgical residency | Description of initiative | Initiative | Institutional |
| Salles (2017) [76] | Perceived Value of a Program to Promote Surgical Resident Well-being | Pre-/post-intervention survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| Price (2020) [60] | Are We Making an Impact? A Qualitative Program Assessment of the Resident Leadership, Well-being, and Resiliency Program for General Surgery Residents | Interviews and qualitative | Initiative | Institutional |
| Kratzke (2021) [77] | Pilot Study Using Neurofeedback as a Tool to Reduce Surgical Resident Burnout | Pre-/post-intervention survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| DeCaporale-Ryan (2020) [78] | We Orient Residents to Surgical Life: Why Not Their Families Too? | Survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| Pradarelli (2020) [79] | Performance Coaching for Practicing Surgeons Enhancing Clinical Performance, Well-Being, and Trainee Experience | Perspective | Initiative | Institutional |
| Bui (2020)[80] | The Impact of Program-Driven Wellness Initiatives on Burnout and Depression Among Surgical Trainees | Survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| Garcia (2021) [81] | Resident-Driven Wellness Initiatives Improve Resident Wellness and Perception of Work Environment | Pre-/post-intervention survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| Bisgaard (2021) [82] | Resident Engagement in a Wellness Program in a Large Academic Residency: A Follow-Up After Two Years of Wellness | Pre-/post-intervention survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| Johnson (2022) [83] | Take 10: A Resident Well-Being Initiative and Burnout Mitigation Strategy | Prospective observational study and post-intervention survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| Riall (2018) [84] | Maintaining the Fire but Avoiding Burnout: Implementation and Evaluation of a Resident Well-Being Program | Pre-/post-intervention survey | Initiative | Institutional |
| Shen (2022) [61] | How We Do It: An Innovative General Surgery Mentoring Program | Description of initiative | Mentoring | Institutional |
| Bingmer (2019) [62] | A Model for a Formal Mentorship Program in Surgical Residency | Survey | Mentoring | Institutional |
| Freischlag (2017) [55] | Preventing General Surgery Residency Attrition: It is all About the Mentoring | Perspective | Mentoring | Institutional |
| Weis (2020) [63] | The Fuel Gauge: A Simple Tool for Assessing General Surgery Resident Well-Being | Retrospective cohort study | Support | Institutional |
| Chow (2022) [43] | Using Human-Centered Design to Improve a Surgery Resident Well-Being Program | Interviews and qualitative | Support | Institutional |
| Doherty (2019) [64] | How Do We Prevent Burnout in Surgery? | Perspective | Policies | National |
| Castillo-Angeles (2021) [65] | Perspectives of General Surgery Program Directors on Paternity Leave During Surgical Training | Interviews and qualitative | Policies | National |
| Livingston-Rosanoff (2019) [66] | Got Milk? Design and Implementation of a Lactation Support Program for Surgeons | Description of program | Policies | National |
| Hu (2018) [67] | The Surgical Education Culture Optimization through Targeted Interventions Based on National Comparative Data – The SECOND Trial | RCT—in progress | Opportunities | National |
| Moris (2018) [68] | Attrition in General Surgery Residency: Can Global and Rural Surgery Shift the Paradigm? | Perspective | Opportunities | National |
| Huffman (2020) [69] | Why the Lab? What is Really Motivating General Surgery Residents to Take Time for Dedicated Research | Interviews/focus groups and qualitative | Opportunities | National |
| Bilimoria (2020) [70] | Fanning the Burnout Fire: How Our Misconceptions and Good Intentions Could Fail Tomorrow’s Surgeons | Association for Academic Surgery Presidential Address | Leadership | National |
| Kemp (2021) [71] | Physician Heal Thyself: A Call to Action for Prioritizing Trainee Health | Perspective | Leadership | National |