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. 2023 Jan 17;20:4. doi: 10.1186/s12979-023-00327-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — COVID-19 Impact on Antibody Response in Older Adults. ELISA was performed on patient samples for antibodies to spike IgG over the vaccine study time course: Dose 1 (baseline), Dose 2 (28 days), 2-weeks post vaccine dose 2 (2w pd2), 3-months (3 m pd2), and 6-months (6 m pd2); Boost, and 2-weeks post boost (2w pb). Over the vaccine time course, Spike IgG antibody titers were 16-fold higher in individuals with prior COVID-19 infection than uninfected (Sero-Naïve) p < 0.001. After the booster, titers increased in all individuals but were no longer associated w/ prior infection (p = 0.82)