Table 2.
Correlates of HIV stigma from multivariate analysis (adjusted for age and gender)
| Factor | Age and gender adjusted mean difference (95% confidence interval), p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall stigma | Experienced stigma | Internalized stigma | Perceived community stigma | Disclosure concerns | |
| School enrollment | |||||
| In school/completed | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Dropped out | 2.04 (0.44 to 3.64), 0.027 | 0.23 (− 0.25 to 0.71), 0.226 | 0.76 (0.02 to 1.50), 0.049 | 0.51 (− 0.11 to 1.13), 0.094 | 0.31 (− 0.19 to 0.82), 0.196 |
| Point of care | |||||
| Adolescent clinic | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| General/adult clinic | 1.58 (0.13 to 3.04), 0.042 | 0.21 (− 0.22 to 0.64), 0.286 | 0.78 (0.09 to 1.47), 0.033 | 0.17 (− 0.25 to 0.60), 0.328 | 0.25 (− 0.35 to 0.85), 0.253 |
| Maternal and child health clinic | 0.51 (− 1.86 to 2.88), 0.513 | − 0.10 (− 0.51 to 0.32), 0.610 | 0.53 (− 0.11 to 1.16), 0.080 | − 0.26 (− 1.58 to 1.05), 0.669 | 0.18 (− 1.06 to 0.21), 0.759 |
| In a peer support group | |||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | − 0.84 (− 2.06 to 0.39), 0.126 | 0.04 (− 0.32 to 0.39), 0.797 | − 0.58 (− 1.29 to 0.11), 0.071 | − 0.16 (− 0.33 to 0.01), 0.059 | 0.03 (− 0.35 to 0.41), 0.812 |
| Independence in care | |||||
| Full | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Partial | − 1.90 (− 4.10 to 0.31), 0.07 | − 0.04 (− 0.99 to 0.90), 0.920 | − 0.82 (− 1.55-[− 0.10]), 0.029 | − 0.52 (− 1.52 to 0.47), 0.112 | − 0.39 (− 1.29 to 0.51), 0.340 |
| Not independent | − 0.24 (− 18.82 to 18.34), 0.950 | 1.16 (− 4.83 to 7.15), 0.462 | 0.06 (− 2.16 to 2.27), 0.949 | − 0.14 (− 4.01 to 3.72), 0.869 | − 1.09 (− 8.39 to 6.21), 0.469 |
| Mode of HIV infection | |||||
| Vertical | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Behavioral | 0.37 (− 2.94 to 3.67), 0.642 | 0.04 (− 0.76 to 0.84), 0.883 | 0.21 (− 0.76 to 1.18), 0.515 | − 0.02 (− 0.42 to 0.367), 0.901 | 0.11 (− 0.92 to 1.14), 0.644 |
| Sexual relationships | |||||
| None | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes but not currently | 2.87 (0.10 to 5.65), 0.048 | 1.14 (0.39 to 1.90), 0.005 | 0.42 (− 0.39 to 1.23), 0.275 | 0.47 (− 0.41 to 1.34), 0.200 | 0.31 (− 0.51 to 1.14), 0.321 |
| Currently in a relationship | 2.61 (1.28 to 3.93), 0.001 | 1.02 (0.44 to 1.61), 0.009 | 0.28 (− 0.32 to 0.87), 0.295 | 0.38 (− 0.25 to 1.02), 0.129 | 0.50 (0.06 to 0.94), 0.034 |
| Self-disclosed to sexual partner | |||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.16 (− 0.27 to 2.59), 0.070 | 0.40 (− 0.13 to 0.93), 0.124 | 0.23 (− 0.35 to 0.81), 0.397 | 0.22 (− 0.21 to 0.66), 0.176 | 0.23 (− 0.30 to 0.76), 0.293 |
| Ever experienced violence (physical/emotional/sexual) | |||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes (but not in last 6 months) | 2.51 (− 0.12 − 5.13), 0.058 | 0.89 (0.04 to 1.75), 0.046 | 0.60 (0 to 1.21), 0.056 | 0.66 (0.24 to 1.08), 0.008 | 0.43 (− 0.24 to 1.09), 0.177 |
| Yes (including last 6 months) | 2.91 (1.38 to 4.44), 0.002 | 0.81 (0.26 to 1.36), 0.013 | 0.65 (0.26 to 1.05), 0.014 | 1.13 (0.49 to 1.77), 0.010 | 0.46 (− 0.05 to 0.97), 0.073 |
Bolded and black font color: Significant association between factor and overall HIV stigma/stigma type
Bolded and gray font color: Association between factor and overall HIV stigma/stigma type has a trend towards significance (0.1 < p > 0.05)
A positive mean difference means that the participants reporting the specified factor had a higher mean stigma score compared to the participants in the reference group