Fig. 2.

(A) Equivalent complex circuit model of an electrode-electrolyte electrochemical impedimetric cell containing microorganisms and biofilm. Bacteria contribute to different mechanisms at the interface and bulk solution in an electrochemical cell. (B) bacteria in close contact with the surface contributing to the double-layer capacitance. (C) extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production contributing to the double-layer capacitance. (D) planktonic growth contributing to the bulk solution resistance. (E) proteins and macromolecules adsorption onto the electrode surface contribute to changes in the double-layer capacitance (Image Credit: Matt McGlennen, CBE).