Table 2. Results of univariate and multivariate analyses of the validation cohort were performed using the Fine-Gray ratio example distribution hazard model.
| Characteristics | Define | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | Z (P) | HR (95% CI) | Z (P) | |||
| Age | 1.018 (1.014–1.022) | 9.222 (<0.001) | 1.017 (1.012–1.022) | 7.173 (<0.001) | ||
| Marriage | Married | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Divorced | 1.601 (1.387–1.848) | 6.436 (<0.001) | 1.241 (1.047–1.47) | 2.495 (0.013) | ||
| Single | 2.416 (2.008–2.907) | 9.352 (<0.001) | 1.252 (0.999–1.57) | 1.949 (0.051) | ||
| Other | 1.804 (1.497–2.173) | 6.208 (<0.001) | 1.249 (1.021–1.527) | 2.162 (0.031) | ||
| Race | White | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Other | 3.655 (2.595–5.149) | 7.416 (<0.001) | 1.748 (1.165–2.622) | 2.697 (0.007) | ||
| Sex | Female | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Male | 1.388 (1.219–1.581) | 4.936 (<0.001) | 1.139 (0.982–1.322) | 1.718 (0.086) | ||
| Behavior | Behav1 | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Behav2 | 0.665 (0.575–0.769) | −5.499 (<0.001) | 0.968 (0.829–1.132) | −0.405 (0.69) | ||
| Behav3 | 0.359 (2.446–3.172) | 15.436 (<0.001) | 1.111 (0.952–1.298) | 1.333 (0.18) | ||
| Stage | I | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| II | 8.244 (7.021–9.679) | 25.747 (<0.001) | 2.538 (1.881–3.425) | 6.09 (<0.001) | ||
| III | 17.756 (15.276–20.639) | 37.473 (<0.001) | 5.821 (4.295–7.888) | 11.358 (<0.001) | ||
| IV | 71.670 (55.927–91.843) | 33.760 (<0.001) | 6.949 (4.19–11.524) | 7.512 (<0.001) | ||
| T | T1 | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| T2 | 4.428 (3.690–5.314) | 15.994 (<0.001) | 1.495 (1.125–1.986) | 2.774 (0.006) | ||
| T3 | 11.217 (9.445–13.322) | 27.554 (<0.001) | 1.488 (1.056–2.095) | 2.274 (0.023) | ||
| T4 | 23.176 (19.676–27.298) | 37.632 (<0.001) | 1.868 (1.19–2.931) | 2.717 (0.007) | ||
| N | N0 | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| N1 | 8.186 (6.950–9.642) | 25.179 (<0.001) | 1.386 (1.119–1.718) | 2.990 (0.003) | ||
| N2 | 14.959 (12.197–18.345) | 25.981 (<0.001) | 1.533 (1.149–2.044) | 2.906 (0.004) | ||
| Laterality | Left | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Right | 1.001 (0.882–1.137) | 0.022 (0.022) | Ref | NA | ||
| Bilateral | 1.027 (0.882–1.196) | 0.340 (0.340) | Ref | NA | ||
| Surgery | Surg1 | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Surg2 | 1.937 (1.712–2.191) | 10.514 (<0.001) | 1.199 (0.566–2.538) | 0.473 (0.640) | ||
| Surg3 | 3.035 (2.091–4.405) | 5.842 (<0.001) | 0.731 (0.35–1.527) | −0.834 (0.400) | ||
| Surg4 | 2.482 (2.044–3.013) | 9.185 (<0.001) | 1.497 (1.174–1.908) | 3.259 (0.001) | ||
| LNSur | No | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| LNSur1–3 | 2.611 (2.256–3.021) | 12.877 (<0.001) | 0.866 (0.383–1.962) | −0.344 (0.730) | ||
| LNSur4+ | 6.976 (5.474–8.888) | 15.710 (<0.001) | 0.966 (0.496–1.882) | −0.102 (0.920) | ||
| LNSur others | 2.502 (2.098–2.983) | 10.220 (<0.001) | 1.009 (0.55–1.85) | 0.029 (0.980) | ||
| SurgOth | No | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Yes | 1.709 (1.525–1.913) | 9.290 (<0.001) | 1.126 (0.652–1.947) | 0.427 (0.670) | ||
| Pretreatment LDH | Low | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Normal level | 1.621 (1.354–1.940) | 5.270 (<0.001) | 0.903 (0.733–1.111) | −0.966 (0.330) | ||
| Above | 2.657 (2.113–3.340) | 8.362 (<0.001) | 1.133 (0.874–1.468) | 0.945 (0.340) | ||
| Radiation | No | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Yes | 16.869 (13.486–21.099) | 25.931 (<0.001) | 1.876 (1.383–2.546) | 4.043 (<0.001) | ||
| Chemotherapy | No | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Yes | 9.194 (7.507–11.260) | 21.451 (<0.001) | 1.56 (1.186–2.051) | 3.181 (0.002) | ||
| Mitotic | 1.275 (1.261–1.290) | 41.035 (<0.001) | 1.054 (1.033–1.076) | 5.182 (<0.001) | ||
| Ulceration | 7.589 (6.778–8.498) | 35.116 (<0.001) | 1.408 (1.211–1.638) | 4.436 (<0.001) | ||
| LN positive | No | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Yes | 2.025 (1.710–2.398) | 8.180 (<0.001) | 0.779 (0.583–1.042) | −1.682 (0.093) | ||
| Other | 0.574 (0.470–0.702) | −5.408 (<0.001) | 0.89 (0.478–1.658) | −0.368 (0.710) | ||
| Bone | No | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Yes | 38.806 (24.615–61.179) | 15.752 (<0.001) | 1.811 (0.935–3.505) | 1.762 (0.078) | ||
| Brain | No | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Yes | 39.498 (25.846–60.359) | 41.035 (<0.001) | 4.466 (2.456–8.12) | 4.905 (<0.001) | ||
| Liver | No | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Yes | 29.086 (18.138–46.644) | 13.987 (<0.001) | 0.995 (0.501–1.974) | −0.015 (0.99) | ||
| Breslow | 1.419 (1.398–1.441) | 44.799 (<0.001) | 1.046 (0.993–1.103) | 1.687 (0.092) | ||
| Lung | No | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| Yes | 24.708 (17.581–34.724) | 18.472 (<0.001) | 1.176 (0.694–1.995) | 0.603 (0.55) | ||
| Malignant | 1 | Ref | NA | Ref | NA | |
| 2+ | 1.038 (0.924–1.166) | 0.632 (0.530) | – | – | ||
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not available; LNSur, LN surgery; LN, lymph node; SurgOth, surgery other; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.