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. 2022 Dec;10(24):1404. doi: 10.21037/atm-22-6196

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2022 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Challenges faced by adoptive cell therapy. The application of adoptive cell therapy in solid tumors faces various challenges, such as the migration and infiltration of T cells, target selection, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, toxicities, manufacturing costs, T cell exhaustion, and technical limitations. CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; TAM, tumor-associated macrophages; ECM, extracellular matrix; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; DC, dendritic cell; Treg, regulatory T cell; TAA, tumor-associated antigen.