Table 3.
Correlates of Multimorbidity. Results of Binary Logistic Regressions (0 = Absence of Multimorbidity, 1 = Presence of Multimorbidity)
| Independent Variables | Multimorbidity |
|---|---|
| Sex: Women (Ref.: Men) | 0.96 (0.69–1.33) |
| Age | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) |
| Marital status: Married, living together with spouse (Ref.: Married, living separated from spouse; widowed; divorced; single) | 0.98 (0.72–1.35) |
| Living situation: Living in an institutionalized setting (Ref.: Living in a private household) | 0.39** (0.21–0.69) |
| Educational level (ISCED-97): - medium (Ref.: low) | 0.86 (0.59–1.25) |
| - high | 1.00 (0.62–1.60) |
| Size of the social network | 1.02* (1.00–1.04) |
| Loneliness (ranging from never/almost never to 4 = almost or almost always, with higher values indicating higher loneliness) | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) |
| Activities: Frequency | 1.22 (0.93–1.59) |
| Technology usage: Number | 1.19 (0.63–2.27) |
| Health literacy | 1.25+ (0.98–1.60) |
| Self-rated health (ranging from 1 = very bad to 4 = very good) | 0.39*** (0.31–0.49) |
| Functional impairment (IADL; ranging from 0 to 2, with higher values corresponding to lower functional impairment) | 0.40*** (0.29–0.57) |
| Depressive symptoms (DIA-S4, ranging from 0 to 4, with higher values corresponding to more depressive symptoms) | 1.34** (1.12–1.59) |
| Constant | 31.60+ (0.89–1124.29) |
| Pseudo R² | 0.14 |
| Observations | 1484 |
Notes: Odds ratios are displayed; 95% confidence intervals in parentheses; ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05, +p<0.10. Listwise deletion was used to handle missing data.
Abbreviations: ISCED-97, International Standard Classification of Education 97; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; DIA-S4, depression in old age scale with four items.