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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 17.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Immunol. 2021 Sep 6;42(10):904–919. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2021.08.004

Figure 4: General model of asthma in mammals.

Figure 4:

A. During allergic sensitization, inhaled allergens and adjuvants are taken up by lung resident cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), alveolar macrophages (AMs), and epithelial cells. Stressed epithelial cells produce alarmins, such as IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP, which are important for a type 2 immune response [116]. Alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) also take up allergen and become activated [117]. B. Activated DCs traffic to draining lymph nodes where they present antigen to naïve CD4+ T cells and promote the differentiation of allergen-specific Th2 (GATA3+) and Th17 (ROR γt+) cells [118]. C. During challenge, Th2 and Th17 cells become activated and produce their signature cytokines. Th2 cell production of IL-5, and IL-13 promotes and synergizes with epithelial cell-derived eotaxin to drive eosinophil recruitment and activation [119]. Th17-derived IL-17 induces and synergizes with epithelial cell-derived CXCL2 to promote the recruitment and activation of neutrophils [106]. This figure was created using BioRender (https://biorender.com/).