Table 1.

Reference values and risk associated with PWVs

Method	Reference values	Risk of CV events
baPWV	Normal <14 m/s Borderline ≥14 and <18 m/s Abnormal ≥18 m/s	Every 1-SD increase of baPWV→ 21% increase in the risk of CV disease [26] Every 1 m/s increase of baPWV→ 12%, 13%, and 6% increase in CV events, CV mortality, and all-cause mortality, respectively [27]
CAVI	Normal <8 Borderline ≥8 and <9 Abnormal ≥9	Every 1.0 index increase of CAVI→ 12.6% increase in the risk of future CV events [128] Cut-off values for CVD events→ 9.0–9.2 in Asian patients [129, 130] 5-year overall net reclassification index→ 16.4% and 33.7% for CVD events in patients with obesity and in patients with ACS, respectively [131]
cfPWV	Abnormal ≥10 m/s	Every 1-SD increase of cfPWV→ 30% increase in the risk of CV events after adjustment for traditional risk factors [44] Every 1 m/s increase of cfPWV→ 14%, 15%, and 15% increase in total CV events, CV mortality, and all-cause mortality, respectively [1] 5-year overall net reclassification index→ 14.8% and 19.2% for coronary heart disease and stroke, respectively, in intermediate-risk individuals [44]

ACS, acute coronary syndrome; baPWV, brachial-ankle PWV; cfPWV, carotid-femoral PWV; CV, cardiovascular; PWV, pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; CVD, cardiovascular disease.