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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 17.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2020 Jan 2;58(3):336–342. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.014

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Association between e-cigarette use and COPD according to combustible cigarette smoking among U.S. adults with never e-cigarette and never combustible cigarette use as the reference group.

Notes: Adjusted for age, sex, race, educational status, and income.

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.