Table 2.
Demographic and Baseline Characteristics of Participants
| Participant Characteristics | Not Frail (N = 14) | Frail (N = 18) | Standard Mean Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| At-risk patients | |||
| Age, mean in yr | 57 ± 12 | 66 ± 13 | 0.74 |
| Female | 10 (71%) | 11 (61%) | 0.22 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.8 ± 5.0 | 26.7 ± 7.2 | 0.34 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.91 ± 0.19 | 1.83 ± 0.27 | 0.36 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 11 (79%) | 10 (55%) | 1.25 |
| Hispanic | 0 (0%) | 5 (28%) | |
| Asian | 1 (7%) | 1 (6%) | |
| African American/Black | 2 (14%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 2 (11%) | |
| ASA status | 0.33 | ||
| I | 2 (14%) | 1 (6%) | |
| II | 2 (14%) | 3 (17%) | |
| III | 8 (57%) | 12 (67%) | |
| IV | 2 (14%) | 2 (11%) | |
| Type of surgery | 1.03 | ||
| General (major abdominal) | 1 (7%) | 6 (33%) | |
| Orthopedic/spine | 2 (14%) | 5 (28%) | |
| Gynecologic oncology | 6 (43%) | 3 (17%) | |
| Urologic oncology | 4 (28%) | 2 (11%) | |
| Vascular | 1 (7%) | 2 (11%) | |
| Healthy volunteers | |||
| Age, mean in yr | 36 ± 10 | ||
| Female | 12 (60%) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 4.57 | ||
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.8 ± 0.23 | ||
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 7 (35%) | ||
| Hispanic | 5 (25%) | ||
| Asian | 6 (30%) | ||
| African American/Black | 0 (0%) | ||
| Other | 2 (10%) |
The values are expressed as n (%) or means ± SD. “Frail” was defined using the Fried phenotype criteria.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.