Table 2.

Physicochemical characteristics of NMs used

Name	Primary particle size (nm)1	Specific surface area (m2/g)	SMPS peak particle diameter (nm)2	Solubility in PSF (mg/L)	Z average size (nm)1	PDI1
ZnO	5.7 ± 3.8	15.2	88.6	>  > 1003	151.1, at 0.04 mg/mL	0.31
CuO	7.8 ± 6.8	124.1	37.8	101.9 ± 10.44	146.4, at 0.24 mg/mL	0.24
Al2O3	5.5 ± 5.5	275.9	81.9	0.311 ± 0.009	95.1, at 1.08 mg/mL	0.50
SnO2	4.5 ± 2.3	165.4	28.6	< LOD5	105.1, at 3.24 mg/mL	0.50
TiO2	6.6 ± 4.1	297.1	57.9	< LOD3	225, at 0.36 mg/mL	0.44
Printex 90	146	295–3386	–	ND7	80 at 3.24 mg/mL	0.16

¹Measured in exposure vehicle.

²Measured during spark ablation.

³LOD for TiO₂: 0.0143 mg/L, [40].

⁴Unpublished results.

⁵LOD for SnO₂: 0.00433 mg/L (Additional file 1).

⁶(Saber et al., 2019).

⁷Not determined (ND).