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. 2023 Jan 17;23:19. doi: 10.1186/s12874-022-01809-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Variance of the Bayesian estimators

Note. Variance of the Bayesian estimators as a function of the amount of heterogeneity, the number of primary studies, and the average sample size. The results are presented separately for each condition of the shape of the random-effects distribution. FB (mean) = fully Bayesian estimators based on the posterior mean; FB (median) = fully Bayesian estimators based on the posterior median; FB (mode) = fully Bayesian estimators based on the posterior mode; RB = Rukhin Bayes estimator; RBp = positive Rukhin Bayes estimator; BM = Bayes Modal estimator