Table 3.
Multilevel parameter estimates and adjusted odds of child marriage prevalence, DHS 2007 -2018
| Variable | Model I | Model II aOR (95%CI) |
Model III aOR (95%CI) |
Model IV aOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual factors | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 20–24 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 25–29 | 1.02(0.88–1.18) | 1.02(0.88–1.18) | ||
| Education level | ||||
| None | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 0.82(0.62–1.09) | 0.81(0.61–1.08) | ||
| Secondary | 0.36***(0.26–0.50) | 0.36***(0.26–0.49) | ||
| Higher | 0.07***(0.03–0.18) | 0.07***(0.03–0.18) | ||
| Wealth status | ||||
| Poor | 1 | 1 | ||
| Middle | 1.11(0.93–1.34) | 1.10(0.91–1.34) | ||
| Rich | 1.11(0.90–1.37) | 1.15(0.89–1.48) | ||
| Employment status | ||||
| Not working | 1 | 1 | ||
| Working | 1.02(0.85–1.21) | 1.02(0.85–1.23) | ||
| Age at first Sex | ||||
| Less than 15 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 15–19 | 0.55***(0.45–0.69) | 0.56***(0.45–0.70) | ||
| 20–29 | 0.12***(0.07–0.21) | 0.12***(0.06–0.21) | ||
| Age at firth birth | ||||
| Less than 15 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 15–19 | 0.57**(0.39–0.83) | 0.57**(0.39–0.83) | ||
| 20–29 | 0.04***(0.03–0.07) | 0.04***(0.03–0.07) | ||
| Education level of partner | ||||
| None | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 0.92(0.66–1.28) | 0.93(0.66–1.29) | ||
| Secondary | 0.71*(0.50–0.99) | 0.71*(0.50–0.99) | ||
| Higher | 0.55*(0.33–0.90) | 0.56*(0.34–0.92) | ||
| Employment status of partner | ||||
| Not working | 1 | 1 | ||
| Working | 0.96(0.69–1.34) | 0.97(0.70–1.35) | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.05(0.83–1.33) | 1.05(0.83–1.33) | ||
| Desired family size | ||||
| Less than 4 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 4–5 | 1.08(0.88–1.32) | 1.07(0.87–1.32) | ||
| 6 + | 1.28*(1.00–1.64) | 1.28(0.99–1.64) | ||
| Factors at community level | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 1.67***(1.45–1.91) | 0.98(0.78–1.22) | ||
| Community poverty | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.02 (0.90–1.18) | 1.29*(1.06–1.57) | ||
| High | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.99(0.77–1.27) | ||
| Community education | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.34***(1.18–1.51) | 1.00(0.84–1.21) | ||
| High | 1.50***(1.18–1.75) | 0.98(0.79–1.22) | ||
| Community employment | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.00(0.89–1.14) | 0.94(0.79–1.22) | ||
| High | 1.06(0.87–1.19) | 1.11(0.93–1.33) | ||
| Community young age at first birth | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.37**(1.22–1.54) | 1.16(0.98–1.37) | ||
| High | 1.72**(1.53–1.94) | 1.36***(1.14–1.62) | ||
| Community FP media exposure | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.04(0.91–1.19) | 0.97(0.80–1.16) | ||
| High | 1.00(0.87–1.15) | 1.06(0.86–1.29) | ||
| Community fertility preference | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.07(0.94–1.21) | 1.03(0.86–1.24) | ||
| High | 1.09(0.83–1.25) | 1.01(0.83–1.23) | ||
| Random effects | ||||
| Variance (CI) | 0.23(0.17–0.30) | 0.18(0.11–0.30) | 0.10 (0.06–0.15) | 0.15(0.09–0.27) |
| ICC (%) | 6.4 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 4.5 |
| PCV (%) | Ref | 22.7 | 56.5 | 35.0 |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log likelihood | − 6910.4 | − 3358.6 | − 6752.9 | − 3344.8 |
| AIC | 13,824.9 | 6757.3 | 13,535.8 | 6755.6 |
| N | 9990 | 9990 | 9990 | 9900 |
Model I contains no explanatory variables; Model II includes individual-level factors only; Model III includes community-level factors only; Model IV includes both individual-level and community-level factors
aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence internal, ICC Intraclass correlation coefficient, PCV Proportional change in variance, AIC Akaike information criterion
*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05