Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants
| Characteristicsa | HRS | CHARLS | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HRS cohort | HRS-VBS | ||
| N | 6566 | 1047 | 6906 |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 73.0 ± 9.1 | 77.0 ± 5.5 | 62.5 ± 9.0 |
| Female, N (%) | 3988 (60.7) | 624 (59.6) | 3741 (54.2) |
| Having high school degree level, N (%) | 5594 (85.2) | 881 (84.1) | 633 (9.2) |
| Married, N (%) | 4093 (62.4) | 652 (62.3) | 5648 (81.8) |
| Caucasian, N (%) | 5420 (82.5) | 914 (87.3) | – |
| Rural resident, N (%) | – | – | 4792 (69.4) |
| Smoking status, N (%) | |||
| Current | 602 (9.2) | 68 (6.5) | 1849 (26.8) |
| Former | 2944 (45.0) | 519 (49.6) | 1148 (16.6) |
| Never | 3013 (46.2) | 460 (43.9) | 3909 (56.6) |
| Alcohol consumption, N (%) | |||
| Current | 2522 (38.5) | 382 (36.5) | 2220 (32.2) |
| Former | 1080 (16.5) | 151 (14.4) | 817 (11.8) |
| Never | 2944 (45.0) | 514 (49.1) | 3869 (56.0) |
| Stroke, N (%) | 609 (9.3) | 118 (11.3) | 263 (3.8) |
| Heart diseases, N (%) | 1963 (30.0) | 379 (36.2) | 1230 (18.2) |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 1655 (25.2) | 299 (28.6) | 679 (10.1) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 29.2 ± 5.6 | 29.0 ± 5.6 | 23.7 ± 4.2 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean ± SD | 129.3 ± 19.1 | 130.1 ± 20.0 | 128.0 ± 20.2 |
| Pulse rate, bpm, mean ± SD | 68.8 ± 10.9 | 67.8 ± 10.6 | 73.9 ± 10.8 |
| BWV, %, mean ± SD | 5.3 ± 4.6 | 4.9 ± 4.4 | 4.2 ± 5.2 |
| BPV, %, mean ± SD | 9.3 ± 5.5 | 9.3 ± 5.3 | 8.7 ± 5.6 |
| PRV, %, mean ± SD | 9.1 ± 5.8 | 9.0 ± 5.8 | 8.9 ± 5.2 |
| Household income, N (%) | |||
| Quartile 1 | 1643 (25.0) | 262 (25.0) | – |
| Quartile 2 | 1642 (25.0) | 262 (25.0) | – |
| Quartile 3 | 1640 (25.0) | 261 (25.0) | – |
| Quartile 4 | 1641 (25.0) | 262 (25.0) | – |
| 0–9999 yuan | – | – | 1909 (27.6) |
| ≥ 10,000 yuan | – | – | 2265 (32.8) |
| Missing | – | – | 2732 (39.6) |
| Physical activity, N (%) | |||
| ≥ 1 time/week | 2305 (35.1) | 350 (33.4) | – |
| < 1 time/week | 3941 (60.1) | 647 (61.8) | – |
| Never | 314 (4.8) | 50 (4.8) | – |
| Any | – | – | 1922 (27.8) |
| Never | – | – | 1499 (21.7) |
| Missing | – | – | 3485 (59.5) |
HRS Health and Retirement Study, CHARLS China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, HRS-VBS Health and Retirement Study - Venous Blood Study, BMI body mass index, Q quartile, BWV body weight variability, BPV blood pressure variability, PRV pulse rate variability
aValues are described as mean ± SD and percentage (%) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively