Table 4.
Clinical care.
| Service provision | All services, n (%) | Integrated, n (%) | Standalone, n (%) | Statisticsa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of service provision (including monitoring) | 18 (100) | 14 (100) | 4 (100) | Mann-Whitney U-test |
| 36 months | 4 (22.22) | 4 (28.57) | 0 | . |
| 24 months | 6 (33.33) | 2 (14.29) | 4 (100) | . |
| 18 months | 3 (16.67) | 3 (21.43) | 0 | . |
| 12 months | 4 (22.22) | 4 (28.57) | 0 | . |
| 6 months | 1 (5.56) | 1 (7.14) | 0 | . |
| Average (SD) | 22 (9.43) | 21.43 (10.71) | 24 (0) | Z = −0.877, p = 0.44a |
| NICE-compliant intervention packages | 20 (100) | 16 (100) | 4 (100) | Fisher's exact test (p-value) |
| Monitoring of mental state + CBT + family therapy | 13 (65) | 10 (62.5) | 3 (75) | 1.00 |
| Monitoring of mental state + CBT | 6 (30) | 5 (31.25) | 1 (25) | 1.00 |
| Monitoring of mental state + family therapy | 1 (5) | 1 (6.25) | 0 | 1.00 |
| Offered individual psychosocial interventions | 20 (100) | 16 (100) | 4 (100) | Fisher's exact test (p-value) |
| Monitoring of mental state | 20 (100) | 15 (93.75) | 4 (100) | 1.00 |
| Psychoeducation (service-users) | 19 (95) | 15 (93.75) | 4 (100) | 1.00 |
| NICE-standard CBT for psychosis | 19 (95) | 15 (93.75) | 4 (100) | 1.00 |
| CBT-informed interventions | 18 (90) | 14 (87.5) | 4 (100) | 1.00 |
| Psychoeducation (family/carers) | 16 (80) | 12 (75) | 4 (100) | 0.54 |
| Crisis work | 16 (80) | 13 (81.25) | 3 (75) | 1.00 |
| Other individual psychotherapy | 14 (70) | 10 (62.5) | 4 (100) | 0.27 |
| NICE-standard family therapy | 14 (70) | 11 (68.75) | 3 (75) | 1.00 |
| Occupational or employment support | 14 (70) | 11 (68.75) | 3 (75) | 1.00 |
| Housing or benefits support | 14 (70) | 10 (62.5) | 4 (100) | 0.27 |
| Recovery-oriented case management | 13 (65) | 9 (56.25) | 4 (100) | 0.25 |
| Family work and support | 12 (60) | 9 (56.25) | 3 (75) | 0.62 |
| Social functioning (e.g., social skills training) | 10 (50) | 8 (50) | 2 (50) | 1.00 |
| Educational/academic support | 10 (50) | 8 (50) | 2 (50) | 1.00 |
| Mental Health Act work | 8 (40) | 6 (37.5) | 2 (50) | 1.00 |
| Substance misuse work | 6 (30) | 5 (31.25) | 1 (25) | 1.00 |
| Recreational group activities | 6 (30) | 4 (25) | 2 (50) | 0.55 |
| Daily living skills training | 5 (25) | 5 (31.25) | 0 (0) | 0.53 |
| Peer-support | 4 (20) | 4 (25) | 0 (0) | 0.54 |
| Group psychotherapy | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 2 (50) | 0.032 |
| Provision of NICE-standard interventions in yearlyb caseload | n (%) | Yearly caseload of CHR-P individuals, n | Yearly CHR-P individuals receiving interventions, n (%) | |
| All services | 20 (100) | . | . | |
| NICE-standard CBT offered | 9 (45) | 261 | 181 (69.35) | |
| NICE-standard CBT offered but data unavailable | 10 (50) | . | . | |
| NICE-standard CBT not offered | 1 (5) | 11 | . | |
| Total services with available data | 10 (50) | 272 | 181 (66.54) | |
| Service provision | All services, n (%) | Integrated, n (%) | Standalone, n (%) | Statisticsa |
| All services | 20 (100) | . | . | |
| NICE-standard family therapy offered | 6 (30) | 140 | 16 (11.43) | |
| NICE-standard family therapy offered but data unavailable | 8 (40) | . | . | |
| NICE-standard family therapy not offered | 6 (30) | 187 | . | |
| Total services with available data | 12 (60) | 327 | 16 (4.89) | |
| Service users and other stakeholders' involvement | All services, n (%) | Integrated, n (%) | Standalone, n (%) | Statistics a |
| Service users and other stakeholders' involvement | 19 (100) | 15 (100) | 4 (100) | Fisher's exact test (p-value) |
| Service users | 9 (47.37) | 6 (40) | 3 (75) | 0.30 |
| Family members or carers | 5 (26.32) | 4 (26.67) | 1 (25) | 1.00 |
| Past beneficiaries | 3 (15.79) | 1 (6.67) | 2 (50) | 0.10 |
| Any of the above | 10 (52.63) | 7 (46.67) | 3 (75) | 0.58 |
| Limited to FEP | 1 (5.26) | 1 (6.67) | 0 | . |
| Activities incorporating service user involvement | 20 (100) | 16 (100) | 4 (100) | Fisher's exact test (p-value) |
| Service promotion | 8 (40) | 5 (40) | 3 (75) | 0.26 |
| Development of services or products | 8 (40) | 6 (37.5) | 2 (50) | 1.00 |
| Service evaluation | 6 (30) | 3 (18.75) | 3 (75) | 0.061 |
| Staff recruitment | 6 (30) | 4 (25) | 2 (50) | 0.55 |
| Service delivery | 5 (25) | 3 (18.75) | 2 (50) | 0.25 |
| Research planning or promotion | 3 (10) | 1 (6.25) | 2 (50) | 0.088 |
CBT, Cognitive behavioral therapy; CHR-P, Clinical high-risk state for psychosis; FEP, First-episode of psychosis; NICE, National institute for Health and Care Excellence; SD, Standard deviation.
aComparison of integrated vs. standalone services (there were no hub and spoke services). Bold indicates statistically significant values.
bLast 12 month. ., Unavailable or non-applicable. Italics indicate total sample size for each variable across all services, integrated services, and standalone servies.