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Abnormal autoimmune reaction and neuroinflammation in MS. Altered Foxp3 expression in Treg cells induces an abnormal autoimmune reaction. Expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factors and matrix metallopeptidases are increased, probably disrupting the blood–brain barrier. This disruption allows immune cells to infiltrate. Phosphorylation of RIPK1 in astrocytes and microglia is involved in the promotion of the neuroinflammatory program.
