Fig. 2. Automated standardized decellularization. (A) Automated decellularization system assembled on the benchtop (1 – bioreactor, 2 – stir plate, 3 – peristaltic pumps, 4 – reagent reservoirs, 5 – tablet for protocol management). (B) Chopped native tissue is placed inside the bioreactor and, after decellularization, the resulting ECM is powdered via the liquid nitrogen method and lyophilized to obtain ECM powder. (C) Schematic showing the decellularization protocol with a total completion time of 3.7 hours (NaDeoxy = sodium deoxycholate, PA = peracetic acid, DI = deionized, DPBS = Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline). (D) Bar charts showing dsDNA quantification per mg of dry tissue for native and decellularized ECM. For each tissue type, three independent decellularizations were performed. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM). Ref. = 2 μg mg⁻¹ (Urinary Bladder Matrix – UBM³⁶).