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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 17.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Oncol. 2022 Jul;23(7):e321–e333. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00126-7

Figure 2: An adapted NOMS decision-making framework for spinal metastatic disease: preoperative systemic considerations and negatively affected clinical outcomes.

Figure 2:

ESCC=epidural spinal cord compression. HRQOL=health-related quality of life. NOMS=neurological, oncological, mechanical, and systemic.