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. 2023 Jan 18;11:6. doi: 10.1186/s40364-023-00449-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The main components of mRNA tumor vaccine. The first component is mRNA sequence encoding putative neoantigen, which could be either non-replicating or self-amplifying. The boxes below show methods to improve mRNA translation efficiency, stability, and immunogenicity. The second component is several common adjuvants that can be added selectively. The third component is several common mRNA delivery tools. UTR: untranslated region; ORF: open reading frame; SAM: self-amplified mRNA; TLR: Toll-like receptor; STING: stimulator of interferon genes GM-CSF: granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; DCs: dendritic cells