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. 2023 Jan 17;13:883. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27618-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Heat map (a), loading biplot of the evaluated traits (b) and Principal component analysis heat map (C) of the enzymatic antioxidants pool, the biochemical changes, chlorophyll fluorescence and nutrient elements content in Vitis Vinifera cv. ‘Sultana’ under salinity stress with application CS-SA NCs. Heat map representing of Chlorophyll a (Chl a), Chlorophyll b (Chl b), Total chlorophyll (Total Chl), Carotenoids (CARs), Electrolyte leakage (EL), Malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂ content_, Proline content, Carbohydrate (Carb), Total soluble protein content, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity, catalase (CAT), total antioxidant (DPPH), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), Na/K, (PAR), (Fm'), electron transport rate (ETR), maximal fluorescence (Fm), maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm).