Table 2.

Median, confidence interval (lower/upper limit), minimum (Min), percentile (P) 2.5, quartiles 1 and 3, percentile 97.5, maximum (Max), kurtosis and skewness of the spine parameters.

Age group	Median	Confidence Interval-Lower limit	Confidence Interval-Upper limit	Min	P 2.5	Quartile 1	Quartile 3	P 97.5	Max	Kurtosis	Skew-ness	Median	Confidence Interval-Lower limit	Confidence Interval-Upper limit	Min	P 2.5	Quartile 1	Quartile 3	P 97.5	Max	Kurtosis	Skew-ness
	Women											Men
Trunk length D (Spatial distance between the markers C7 and middle of the PSIS-marker) (mm)
21–60	453.51	451.06	455.96	374.71	404.85	436.73	471.06	503.54	525.32	3.03	− 0.05	488.76	485.67	491.85	373.67	424.15	469.24	508.15	544.42	596.68	3.82	− 0.02
21–30	459.68	455.00	464.35	413.10	416.79	444.06	478.22	508.82	513.26	2.32	0.17	475.17	469.34	481.00	373.67	421.07	461.33	498.50	531.60	536.00	3.98	− 0.55
31–40	454.13	449.14	459.12	374.71	396.39	438.83	467.05	499.12	525.32	3.89	− 0.32	476.95	471.04	482.87	405.02	419.75	452.48	490.26	539.93	555.56	2.88	0.13
41–50	443.67	438.73	448.61	376.32	400.14	432.59	465.25	494.28	495.51	2.74	− 0.05	503.50	497.96	509.04	414.26	450.61	483.27	516.38	564.02	595.83	4.35	0.31
51–60	450.95	446.10	455.80	396.94	410.30	434.81	467.31	503.77	510.89	2.62	0.09	499.57	493.75	505.38	402.19	437.38	479.13	514.00	552.13	596.68	4.67	0.09
Trunk length S (Spatial distance between the markers at C7 and Rima Ani) (mm)
21–60	495.96	493.20	498.72	392.83	436.95	476.55	515.16	550.20	570.47	3.03	− 0.14	533.77	530.70	536.84	428.67	472.78	512.55	553.29	597.92	648.55	3.57	0.11
21–30	506.64	501.75	511.53	457.57	466.01	491.83	529.57	555.38	570.47	2.30	0.19	528.17	521.98	534.35	428.67	469.27	508.33	547.00	584.20	589.00	3.49	− 0.29
31–40	498.62	493.31	503.94	411.43	436.26	483.06	517.02	548.78	559.88	3.38	− 0.42	526.03	520.50	531.57	467.23	479.25	503.40	546.37	588.34	606.26	2.87	0.32
41–50	482.80	477.51	488.09	392.83	436.70	469.76	501.68	532.85	538.90	3.41	− 0.24	545.35	538.97	551.73	455.28	497.04	521.47	563.46	609.27	648.55	3.50	0.28
51–60	487.53	482.09	492.96	426.76	431.16	469.87	505.24	535.21	554.55	2.63	− 0.07	536.56	530.54	542.57	443.95	467.38	514.38	553.84	593.38	618.87	3.97	− 0.16
Sagittal trunk decline ( Inclination of the trunk length D marked line from the perpendicular to the sagittal plane) (°)
21–60	− 3.29	− 3.58	− 3.01	− 12.33	− 10.38	− 5.34	− 1.56	1.80	3.58	3.25	− 0.42	− 3.24	− 3.51	− 2.97	− 11.96	− 8.38	− 5.15	− 1.47	1.85	6.40	3.15	0.05
21–30	− 3.41	− 3.87	− 2.94	− 10.35	− 8.06	− 4.99	− 1.55	2.07	3.04	3.21	0.03	− 4.00	− 4.49	− 3.51	− 10.00	− 8.20	− 5.33	− 2.33	1.07	2.67	3.09	0.05
31–40	− 3.29	− 3.85	− 2.74	− 11.59	− 10.25	− 5.41	− 1.75	1.56	3.58	3.27	− 0.43	− 2.78	− 3.35	− 2.20	− 8.70	− 7.52	− 4.98	− 0.62	2.88	6.40	2.86	0.28
41–50	− 3.04	− 3.69	− 2.39	− 12.33	− 11.24	− 5.55	− 1.49	2.41	2.93	3.10	− 0.48	− 3.12	− 3.58	− 2.66	− 9.74	− 8.25	− 4.89	− 1.68	0.91	1.39	2.72	− 0.25
51–60	− 3.78	− 4.40	− 3.15	− 11.89	− 10.97	− 5.74	− 1.68	1.68	2.36	2.81	− 0.45	− 3.52	− 4.09	− 2.94	− 11.96	− 8.72	− 5.63	− 1.55	1.78	3.30	2.86	− 0.17
Frontal trunk decline (Inclination of the trunk length D marked line from the perpendicular to the frontal plane) (°)
21–60	− 0.17	− 0.29	− 0.04	− 3.99	− 2.56	− 0.98	0.71	2.34	3.26	3.04	− 0.03	− 0.16	− 0.29	− 0.03	− 5.27	− 3.03	− 1.00	0.66	2.33	4.13	3.70	− 0.30
21–30	− 0.34	− 0.58	− 0.10	− 3.82	− 3.01	− 1.20	0.39	1.87	2.15	2.74	− 0.28	0.33	0.11	0.56	− 3.00	− 1.73	0.00	1.00	2.33	2.33	2.98	− 0.29
31–40	− 0.10	− 0.32	0.12	− 2.41	− 2.22	− 1.10	0.61	2.16	3.13	2.86	0.20	− 0.34	− 0.59	− 0.09	− 4.22	− 3.37	− 1.36	0.30	1.53	2.73	3.43	− 0.42
41–50	0.23	− 0.01	0.48	− 2.47	− 1.76	− 0.59	1.17	2.81	2.89	2.32	0.18	− 0.40	− 0.65	− 0.16	− 3.40	− 2.74	− 1.18	0.20	2.41	3.23	3.51	0.13
51–60	− 0.29	− 0.56	− 0.03	− 3.99	− 3.60	− 1.26	0.71	2.27	3.26	3.41	− 0.15	− 0.34	− 0.63	− 0.05	− 5.27	− 3.19	− 1.25	0.67	2.55	4.13	4.26	− 0.36
Axis decline ( Deviation of the line of the area marked by the trunk length D line of the 90° rotated distance between PSIS left and PSIS right) (°)
21–60	− 0.62	− 0.84	− 0.40	− 8.58	− 4.45	− 1.85	0.88	4.43	11.47	4.91	0.59	− 0.67	− 0.90	− 0.44	− 6.98	− 5.15	− 2.09	0.95	4.00	6.44	2.79	0.05
21–30	0.05	− 0.40	0.50	− 5.48	− 3.57	− 1.58	1.56	5.71	6.76	3.12	0.38	− 0.33	− 0.81	0.15	− 5.00	− 4.47	− 2.00	1.33	4.13	5.00	2.47	0.13
31–40	− 0.76	− 1.15	− 0.37	− 5.43	− 4.20	− 2.15	0.76	3.69	4.22	2.70	0.20	− 0.98	− 1.40	− 0.57	− 5.42	− 4.64	− 2.59	0.36	3.20	4.10	2.63	0.20
41–50	− 1.22	− 1.57	− 0.88	− 4.60	− 4.21	− 1.91	0.19	2.70	3.94	3.20	0.51	− 0.96	− 1.42	− 0.51	− 6.98	− 5.66	− 2.36	0.45	4.16	6.44	3.52	0.28
51–60	− 0.53	− 1.07	0.02	− 8.58	− 5.38	− 1.80	1.01	4.57	11.47	6.04	0.65	− 0.05	− 0.54	0.44	− 6.27	− 5.90	− 1.84	1.55	4.17	4.80	2.75	− 0.42
Thoracic bending angle (Deviation of the distance C7 – Kyphosis Apex from the perpendicular) (°)
21–60	13.90	13.50	14.30	5.14	7.13	10.87	16.75	23.03	29.18	3.36	0.52	16.23	15.84	16.62	5.84	9.48	13.60	18.74	24.63	28.53	3.04	0.30
21–30	13.85	13.14	14.57	6.71	7.04	11.03	16.52	21.13	25.20	2.68	0.32	16.17	15.47	16.87	9.33	10.40	14.17	18.33	24.40	24.67	2.86	0.31
31–40	13.75	13.01	14.48	5.30	8.30	11.85	16.17	23.40	28.99	5.47	0.92	15.78	15.02	16.54	5.84	7.78	13.03	18.22	23.24	27.92	3.48	0.09
41–50	12.81	11.84	13.77	5.14	6.71	10.55	17.19	24.65	29.18	3.06	0.68	16.06	15.27	16.84	8.90	9.96	12.97	18.53	24.61	28.53	3.05	0.60
51–60	14.45	13.62	15.28	6.68	7.22	11.47	17.01	22.43	24.17	2.36	0.08	17.26	16.44	18.07	7.86	10.25	14.91	20.09	26.04	27.02	2.63	0.15
Kyphosis angle (Angle between the upper turning point at C7 and the thoracolumbar inflection point) (°)
21–60	56.28	54.74	57.82	19.57	31.85	46.73	67.29	92.48	108.00	3.11	0.45	51.29	50.32	52.25	22.67	31.55	44.30	57.02	70.13	84.54	3.14	0.07
21–30	52.33	50.03	54.62	20.95	29.18	45.18	59.70	75.24	79.06	2.75	− 0.02	45.17	43.18	47.16	22.67	27.60	40.33	51.00	67.40	71.33	3.19	0.23
31–40	59.53	56.50	62.56	24.78	33.14	48.29	67.43	91.95	108.00	3.46	0.61	52.90	51.10	54.71	32.30	35.71	47.10	58.40	71.54	78.58	3.05	0.20
41–50	58.70	55.26	62.14	20.82	30.60	46.27	72.86	96.02	99.75	2.46	0.27	52.41	50.52	54.30	28.47	32.50	44.21	58.33	70.25	73.84	2.60	− 0.04
51–60	59.68	56.37	62.98	19.57	32.78	48.43	74.32	99.37	103.55	2.78	0.28	53.60	51.90	55.31	34.42	38.25	48.24	58.86	72.04	84.54	3.99	0.47
Lumbar bending angle (Deviation of the distance Kyphosis Apex – Lordosis Apex from the perpendicular) (°)
21–60	14.25	13.85	14.66	5.35	8.29	11.55	17.20	23.57	32.62	4.33	0.83	10.56	10.26	10.87	3.00	5.33	8.62	12.57	16.56	27.58	4.91	0.56
21–30	13.16	12.43	13.89	5.35	7.92	10.81	16.15	22.70	23.72	2.90	0.54	10.00	9.31	10.69	3.00	4.27	8.00	12.00	18.20	21.33	3.67	0.50
31–40	14.73	13.94	15.52	5.54	8.52	12.35	17.97	22.98	32.62	5.14	0.80	11.20	10.66	11.75	5.48	6.32	8.79	12.72	16.19	19.21	2.86	0.33
41–50	14.27	13.33	15.20	6.75	8.45	12.26	17.57	27.61	29.36	3.85	1.01	10.62	10.09	11.14	4.39	5.76	9.05	12.44	15.26	15.76	2.39	− 0.11
51–60	14.45	13.67	15.22	7.22	8.27	11.81	17.00	21.68	30.03	4.40	0.67	10.78	10.10	11.46	4.54	4.94	8.78	13.15	17.07	27.58	6.91	1.06
Lordosis angle (Angle between the lower inflection point at the center of the PSIS marker and the thoracolumbar turning point) (°)
21–60	49.02	47.49	50.55	4.52	23.80	38.84	59.28	85.57	105.69	3.50	0.41	31.96	31.08	32.83	1.89	14.89	26.39	37.77	48.71	65.84	3.38	− 0.07
21–30	46.08	43.70	48.46	16.52	21.33	37.10	55.59	71.56	75.87	2.60	0.05	30.67	28.83	32.51	7.00	10.07	24.50	35.67	46.47	49.00	2.99	− 0.25
31–40	47.47	44.51	50.43	4.52	21.73	39.77	58.79	77.71	81.66	3.13	− 0.08	31.72	30.24	33.19	18.07	19.29	27.13	36.33	47.52	56.34	3.07	0.37
41–50	50.54	46.97	54.10	5.22	18.15	38.19	62.50	94.10	105.69	3.47	0.44	32.66	30.94	34.38	11.85	16.76	26.37	38.46	49.34	50.98	2.50	− 0.08
51–60	51.18	47.90	54.47	24.85	26.08	40.41	61.20	88.88	95.96	2.88	0.58	33.35	31.43	35.28	1.89	14.58	27.56	40.29	49.62	65.84	4.00	− 0.19
Standard deviation of lateral deviation (Root mean squared deviation of the median line of the distance C7 – Center of the PSIS Marker) (mm)
21–60	3.84	3.63	4.04	0.79	1.31	2.64	5.34	9.54	13.00	4.02	1.00	3.77	3.55	4.00	0.69	1.30	2.67	5.33	9.60	14.00	4.12	1.09
21–30	3.78	3.45	4.11	0.95	1.21	2.55	5.07	8.18	8.78	3.08	0.66	3.83	3.34	4.33	1.00	1.33	2.67	5.17	10.07	14.00	5.04	1.33
31–40	4.13	3.69	4.58	1.32	1.55	2.97	6.08	9.98	13.00	3.85	1.01	4.70	4.22	5.19	1.21	1.54	2.89	6.51	10.87	11.89	3.02	0.75
41–50	3.77	3.33	4.20	1.00	1.31	2.95	5.89	9.80	10.06	2.93	0.75	3.28	2.87	3.69	0.69	1.30	2.43	4.63	8.94	12.10	4.98	1.35
51–60	3.62	3.22	4.01	0.79	1.25	2.31	4.80	8.12	11.62	5.08	1.23	3.81	3.41	4.21	1.03	1.14	2.69	5.16	9.11	10.36	3.43	0.84
Standard deviation of rotation (Root mean square deviation of surface rotation of the median line (torsion of the spinous processes of the spine) (°)
21–60	4.18	3.96	4.40	1.22	1.53	2.94	5.98	10.31	14.11	4.27	1.08	3.54	3.32	3.76	0.73	1.44	2.67	5.05	10.26	15.94	6.08	1.49
21–30	4.66	4.16	5.15	1.85	2.05	3.25	6.82	12.25	14.11	4.28	1.13	3.67	3.28	4.06	1.00	1.67	2.67	4.67	9.53	10.33	5.23	1.43
31–40	3.99	3.58	4.41	1.22	1.80	2.93	6.10	9.65	11.04	3.05	0.76	3.41	2.90	3.92	0.73	1.28	2.38	5.16	11.28	15.94	7.14	1.76
41–50	4.33	3.90	4.76	1.47	1.53	2.85	5.30	10.18	11.69	4.15	1.02	3.41	3.05	3.77	0.99	1.12	2.59	4.74	8.22	10.12	3.98	1.04
51–60	3.81	3.37	4.25	1.22	1.36	2.45	5.24	10.15	11.49	4.13	1.13	3.89	3.44	4.35	1.29	1.50	2.87	5.81	10.78	11.24	3.71	1.05

All data are color-coded by sex (women = Bold; men = Italic). For each sex, four age groups (21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60) and all age groups are shown combined.