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. 2023 Jan 18;14:285. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35935-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a SEM image of Gd-Fu@IO@PVA/Fu nanoparticle (Gd-FPFNP). b TEM image of Gd-FPFNP. Inset: high-resolution TEM image shows that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (IO) was presented in the shell of Gd-FPFNP. c TEM line scan image and EDS analysis showed that Gd was encapsulated in the core of Gd-FPFNP. d The saturation of magnetization for IO and Gd-FPFNP was 84.7 and 73.5 emu g^-1, respectively. e Cumulative gadodiamide release of Gd-Fu@IO@Fu nanoparticle (Gd-FFNP), Gd-PVA@IO@PVA nanoparticle (Gd-PPNP) and Gd-FPFNP in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The results were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3 independent nanoparticles samples. f Gd concentration in umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UMSC) after incubation with Gd-FFNP, Gd-PPNP and Gd-FPFNP for 6, 12, and 24 h (magnetic navigation was applied for 6 h). The results were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 4 independent UMSC samples. g Cell viability of UMSCs after the incubation with free gadodiamide and Gd-FPFNP for 24 h. The results were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 4 independent UMSC samples. The p values between free gadodiamide and Gd-FPFNP at the concentration of 0.35, 0.7, 1.05, 1.4 and 2.1 mM are 0.0053, not significant (ns, p > 0.05), 0.0025, 0.0007 and 0.0168, respectively. h Release of Gd³⁺ from free gadodiamide and Gd-FPFNP in culture medium. The results were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3 independent nanoparticles samples. P values between free gadodiamide and Gd-FPFNP at 3 h and 24 h are 0.0011 and low than 0.0001, respectively. Statistical analysis in g and h was performed by Graph Pad Prism 9.0 Software using two-sided t-test compared with free gadodiamide.