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. 2023 Jan 18;14:285. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35935-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in vivo imaging system (IVIS) images of the F98 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) at different times. The study was performed with n = 6 rats. The images for MRI and IVIS are representative of 6 images. b Gd concentration in various organs at post 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 7d intracarotid injection of SNS. The Gd content was measured suing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3 rats. % ID/g: percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue. c Gd concentration in various organs at 24 h post treatment of gadodiamide, Gd-FPFNP, SNS, and SNS plus magnetic navigation (MN). The concentrations for gadodiamide group were all below the detection limit. The results were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 4 rats. d Tumor-to-blood (T/B) ratio and e Tumor-to-normal tissue (T/N) ratio of gadodiamide, Gd-FPFNP, SNS, and SNS plus MN groups at 24 h post treatment. The results were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 4 rats. Statistical analysis in d and e were performed by Graph Pad Prism 9.0 Software: one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. For d, the p values of Gd-FPFNP to SNS and SNS plus MN are both are <0.0001. For e, the p values of Gd-FPFNP to SNS and SNS plus MN are 0.0068 and <0.0001, respectively.