Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics, presenting complaints and risk factors of study participants
| Parameters | Age group | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 40years (n = 58) |
> 40years (n = 210) |
||
| Mean age (years) | 31.43 ± 6.30 | 59.08 ± 9.87 | 0.535 |
| Gender | 0.127 | ||
| Male | 48 (82.8%) | 189 (90.0%) | |
| Female | 10 (17.2%) | 21 (10.0%) | |
| Address | 0.737 | ||
| Uttarakhand | 34 (58.6%) | 121 (57.6%) | |
| Uttar Pradesh | 24 (41.4%) | 84 (40.0%) | |
| Others | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (2.4%) | |
| Occupation | < 0.001 | ||
| Farmer | 11 (19.0%) | 61 (29.0%) | |
| Factory worker | 11 (19.0%) | 38 (18.1%) | |
| Self-employed | 5 (8.6%) | 37 (17.6%) | |
| Laborer | 14 (24.1%) | 15 (7.1%) | |
| Homemaker | 6 (10.3%) | 22 (10.5%) | |
| None | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (9.0%) | |
| Professional | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (6.7%) | |
| Student | 9 (15.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Cook | 2 (3.4%) | 4 (1.9%) | |
| Duration (months) | 7.72 ± 12.21 | 5.17 ± 6.01 | 0.483 |
| Hematuria (present) | 53 (91.4%) | 185 (88.1%) | 0.483 |
| Pain (present) | 7 (12.1%) | 11 (5.2%) | 0.078 |
| LUTS (present) | 18 (31.0%) | 124 (59.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Dysuria (present) | 14 (24.1%) | 131 (62.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Bony pain (present) | 1 (1.7%) | 4 (1.9%) | 1.000 |
| SOB (present) | 3 (5.2%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0.069 |
| Jaundice (present) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| LOW (present) | 18 (31.0%) | 86 (41.0%) | 0.170 |
| LOA (Present) | 22 (37.9%) | 80 (38.1%) | 0.982 |
| Tobacco use (present) | 35 (60.3%) | 158 (75.2%) | 0.025 |
| Alcoholism (present) | 10 (17.2%) | 106 (50.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Occupational exposure to chemicals (present) | 17 (29.3%) | 92 (43.8%) | 0.047 |
| Family history of malignancy (present) | 3 (5.2%) | 8 (3.8%) | 0.708 |
| Chronic tea/coffee drinker (present) | 5 (8.6%) | 35 (16.7%) | 0.128 |
| Artificial sweeteners (present) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (2.4%) | 0.588 |
| Chronic UTI (present) | 3 (5.2%) | 22 (10.5%) | 0.219 |
| DM (present) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (6.7%) | 0.045 |
| HTN (present) | 1 (1.7%) | 107 (51.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Other comorbidities | 0.742 | ||
| CAD | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (1.9%) | |
| CLD | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | |
| Parkinsonism | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | |
| Hemoglobin on presentation (g/dl) | 11.20 ± 3.12 | 12.17 ± 2.45 | 0.056 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.45 ± 2.42 | 0.96 ± 0.40 | 0.328 |