Table 3.

(A) Severity (moderate–worst pain versus mild or no pain) and nature (musculoskeletal pain versus mixed/neuropathic pain) of pain that treatments may influence. (B) Severity (moderate–worst pain versus mild or no pain) and nature (musculoskeletal pain versus mixed/neuropathic pain) of pain that treatments may influence

Variables and treatments	Comparison	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysisc
		ORa)	95% CIb)	p-Value	OR	95% CI	p-Value
(A) The severity of pain (severe-moderate pain versus mild or no pain)
Age	Continuous variable	0.99	0.97–1.01	0.302
Sex	Female versus male	1.48	0.95–2.30	0.082
NSAIDs	Yes versus no	0.74	0.46–1.18	0.203
Opioids	Yes versus no	0.45	0.28–0.72	0.001
Invasive treatments	Yes versus no	3.35	2.01–5.59	< 0.001	3.35	2.01–5.59	< 0.001
Complementary therapies	Yes versus no	0.47	0.28–0.80	0.005
NSAIDs and complementary therapies	Yes versus no	0.82	0.25–2.74	0.748
Opioids and invasive treatments	Yes versus no	2.02	0.96–4.24	0.064
(B) Nature of pain (musculoskeletal versus mixed/neuropathic pain)
Age	Continuous variable	1.00	0.99–1.01	0.875
Sex	Female versus male	1.05	0.85–1.29	0.675
NSAIDs	Yes versus no	1.14	0.91–1.44	0.254
Opioids	Yes versus no	0.31	0.25–0.38	< 0.001	0.41	0.33–0.51	< 0.001
Invasive treatments	Yes versus no	2.80	2.28–3.45	< 0.001	2.45	1.95–3.06	< 0.001
Complementary therapies	Yes versus no	1.48	1.13–1.94	0.005	1.87	1.38–2.51	< 0.001
NSAIDs and complementary therapies	Yes versus no	1.55	0.90–2.68	0.114
Opioids and invasive treatments	Yes versus no	0.82	0.62–1.08	0.159

^aOR: odds ratio

^bIC confidence interval

^cStepwise forward selection