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. 2022 Dec 8;10:rbac099. doi: 10.1093/rb/rbac099

Table 2.

Applications, manufacturing method and properties of polysaccharides used in pulmonary drug delivery

Polysaccharide API Manufacturing method MPs properties Aerodynamic properties References
Chitosan Budesonide (asthma) Spray drying Morphology: irregular wrinkled structure

  • MMAD: 3.41–3.70 µm (depending on molecular weight of chitosan)

  • FPF: 43–47% (depending on molecular weight of chitosan)

 Zhang et al. (2018) [61]
Locust bean gum Rifabutin (RFB) and isoniazid (INH) (tuberculosis) Spray drying

  • Morphology: irregular-shaped MPs with convoluted surface

  • EE: 102 ± 1% (RFB) and 94 ± 3% (INH)

  • LE: 4.4 ± 0.1% (RFB) and 8.2 ± 0.3% (IHN)

  • MMAD: 5.8 ± 0.3 µm (RFB) and 6.2 ± 0.6 µm (INH)

  • FPF: 38.1 ± 1.8% (RFB) and 38.0 ± 1.6% (INH)

 Grenha et al. (2020) [66]
Hyaluronic acid Salbutamol sulfate (asthma, COPD) Spray drying

  • Size (D50): 4.9 ± 4.0 µm

  • Morphology: spherical shape, dimpled and corrugated surface

  • EE: 95.5 ± 1.4%

  • LE: 22.0 ± 0.3%

  • ED: 89.6 ± 4.7%

  • FPF: 32.8 ± 0.4%

  • MMAD: 4.2 ± 0.1 µm

  • GSD: 2.1 ± 0.1

 Li et al. (2017) [62]
Fucoidan Rifabutin (RFB) and isoniazid (INH) (tuberculosis) Spray drying Morphology: irregular and acquired corrugated surfaces

  • DV50: 2.77 ± 0.03 µm

  • MMAD: 3.64 ± 0.32 µm (RFB) and 3.90 ± 0.01 µm (INH)

  • ED: 1.10 ± 0.02 mg (RFB) and 1.64 ± 0.23 mg (INH)

  • FPD: 0.53 ± 0.01 mg (RFB) and 0.82 ± 0.02 mg (INH)

  • FPF: 38.1 ± 1.8% (RFB) and 38.0 ± 1.6% (INH)

 Cunha et al. (2018) [65]
Phytoglycogen Rifampicin (tuberculosis) Spray drying

  • Size (D50): 2.86–10.19 µm (depending on concentration of ethanol used as solvent)

  • Morphology: wrinkled shapes

  • EE: 94.45–105.95% (depending on concentration of ethanol used as solvent)

 FPF: 20–55% (depending on concentration of ethanol used as solvent) Tse et al. (2021) [64]
Chondroitin sulfate Rifabutin (RFB) and isoniazid (INH) (tuberculosis) Spray drying (ethanol used as solvent)

  • Morphology: wrinkled and corrugated surface

  • EE: 59.0 ± 6.9% (RFB) and 94.9 ± 5.7% (INH)

  • LE: 2.6 ± 0.3% (RFB) and 8.2 ± 0.5% (IHN)

  • DV50: 4.1 ± 0.1 µm

  • MMAD: 3.9 ± 0.1 µm (RFB) and 3.8 ± 0.1 µm (INH)

  • ED: 90.9 ± 1.0%

  • FPD: 1.5 ± 0.1 mg (RFB) and 3.1 ± 0 mg (INH)

  • FPF: 42.6 ± 1.7% (RFB) and 43.7 ± 2.4% (INH)

  • GSD: 2.0 ± 0.1 (RFB) and 1.9 ± 0.1 µm

 Rodrigues et al. (2020) [63]

MP, microparticles; EE, encapsulation efficiency; LE, loading efficiency; MMAD, mass median aerodynamic diameter; ED, emitted dose; FPD, fine particle dose; GSD, geometric standard deviation; FPF, fine particle fraction.