Table 5.

Applications, manufacturing method and properties of solid lipid MPs

Lipid	API	Manufacturing method	MPs properties	Aerodynamic properties	References
Dilyceryl behenate	Budesonide (asthma, COPD)	Hot emulsification/spray drying	Morphology: irregular, slightly spherical Size (DLS): 3.45 ± 0.27 µm	FPF: 21.1 ± 0.6%	Mezzena et al. (2009) [123]
Glycerol behenate	Budesonide (asthma, COPD)	Hot emulsification/freeze-drying	Morphology: rather spherical, some irregularities visible on the surface Size (SIOS): 1.6–1.8 µm (mean)	FPF: 30.00 ± 1.15%	Upadhyay et al. (2012) [124]
Glyceryl dibehenate (GB) or stearyl alcohol (SA)	Salbutamol sulfate (asthma, COPD)	Hot emulsification/spray drying	Morphology: spherical, rather uniform MPs Size (LLS): 3.94–7.09 µm LE: 0.87–13.99% (depending on lipid type and washing procedure)	FPF: 19–38% MMAD: 2.94–3.56 µm (depending on lipid type and washing procedure)	Ignjatović et al. (2021) [126]
Lauric acid (LAU)	Paclitaxel and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) (lung cancer)	Hot oil-in-water emulsification	Morphology: spherical and porous Size: 1.9–3.6 μm Zeta potential: –9.9±0.7 to –12.5±0.7 mV EE: 99.6±0.3% LE: 4.9±0.1%)	–	Reczyńska et al. (2020) [125]
Glyceryl behenate	Quercetin (pneumonia)	Melt emulsification/freeze-drying	Morphology: rather spherical and smooth Size (measurements based on optical microscopy images): 1.79 ± 0.13–1.91 ± 0.11 µm LE: 8.57 ± 0.77–10.94 ± 0.50%	–	Rosita et al. (2022) [127]
Tristearin + PEG modification	Cisplatin (cancer)	High pressure homogenization/spray drying	Morphology: irregular Size (measurements based on SEM images): 1.6–4.2 µm (median)	FPF: 24.2–50.3% (bulk cisplatin—4.2%) MMAD: 2–2.4 µm	Levet et al. (2016) [128]
Glycerol tripalmitate + chitosan modification	Fluticasone propionate (COPD)	Ethanolic precipitation/high pressure homogenization/freeze-drying	Morphology: slightly irregular, rather spherical Size (DLS): 1.5–2.5 µm LE: 7.47%	–	Amore et al. (2017) [129]
Phospholipids (DPPC, DPPG)	Amphotericin B (fungal infections, CF)	Spray drying of proliposomes	Morphology: rather spherical, slightly irregular Size (measurements based on SEM images): 1.10–1.36 μm LE: 1.2–1.67%	FPF: 74.5–82.2%	Gomez et al. (2020) [130]

DLS, dynamic light scattering; SIOS, scanning ion occlusion sensing; LLS, laser light scattering; DPPC, dipalmityolphosphatidylocholine; DPPG, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol; MPs, microparticles; EE, encapsulation efficiency; LE, loading efficiency; MMAD, mass median aerodynamic diameter; FPF, fine particle fraction.