Table 2.

Comparison of various strategies for skin bioprinting

Bioprinting strategy	Advantages	Disadvantages
Inkjet bioprinting	Widely used	Thermal and mechanical stress to cells
	High printing speed	Limited printable materials
	High resolution	Low cell concentration
	High cell viability
	Low cost
Laser-assisted bioprinting	Non-contacting process	Limited printable materials
	Nozzle free	High cost
	High precision	Time-consuming
	High concentration and high viability of cells
Electrohydrodynamic jet printing	High precision	High cost
	High structural integrity	Limited printable materials
Extrusion-based bioprinting	Widely used	Limited printing accuracy
	Good compatibility with materials	The need for gelation and shear thinning properties of materials
Digital light processing bioprinting	High printing speed and consistency	The need for photocuring properties of materials
	High structural integrity and mechanical property
	High precision
In situ bioprinting
Automated	Automated fabrication process	Complicated scanning modality
	In situ cross-linking	Sufficient room for operation
	Minimal invasion	Low degree of freedom
Handheld	Low cost	Experience-dependence
	Portability	Low resolution
	Convenient for sterilization	Non-uniform deposition
Cell spheroid-laden bioprinting	Pre-aggregation of cells	Limited size of spheroids
	Precise positioning and arrangement of cells	Complex steps for construction
4D bioprinting	Recreation of spatiotemporal factors	Limited printable materials
Bioprinted skin-on-a-chip	Presence of biochemical and biomechanical cues	Complex process for construction
	Presence of multi-cell/multi-organ interactions
Microfluidics-assisted extrusion bioprinting	Precise deposition of hydrogels	Complex process for construction
	Good repeatability