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. 2022 Nov 24;10:rbac094. doi: 10.1093/rb/rbac094

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Representative examples of surface modification strategies [107, 153]. (A: Machined surface of Ti implant. B: Sand-blasted and then acid-etched implant. C: Plasma-spraying, to form an oxide film on the Ti surface and allows ceramic coating formation. D: IBAD, able to prepare bio-coatings with considerably higher adhesion strength. E: Dipping, sol–gel and biomimetic coating, known as simple operation and cost-effective methods. F: EPD, utilizing two electrodes to induce the migration of particles in solution towards the surface to be coated. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [107] Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Son. G: MAO treatment of Mg-based metals to form a CaPs coating. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [153] Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society).