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. 2022 Nov 24;10:rbac094. doi: 10.1093/rb/rbac094

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 5. — Ca-based coating for the 3D printed porous Ti-based implants (especially for internal surface) [180, 181, 183]. (A: the porous Ti6Al4V scaffold after MAO treatment displayed homogeneous layer of microporous titanium oxides coating containing a significant amount of Ca and P. The thickness of coating at the inner and outer surface were 4.4 and 4.8 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [180] Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society. B: HA coating was clearly loaded on the inner surfaces of the scaffold with pre-deposited pDA film. Cells were favorably adhered on the inner surfaces (white arrows) with lamellipodia extensions (black arrow) after HA/pDA immobilization. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [181] Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. C: The observation of 3D printed porous titanium filled with mineralized chitosan hydrogel. CaCO₃ mineral layer grew inside hydrogels and wrapped up their polymer networks to provide a strong bonding between hydrogel and porous Ti scaffold.)