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. 2023 Jan 4;13:1092121. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1092121

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Copyright © 2023 Alburaki, Madella, Lopez, Bouga, Chen and vanEngelsdorp.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Heatmaps illustrating COI-COII gene diversity per population. Nucleotide diversity (Pi), Haplotype diversity calculated based on endonuclease fragment variations (H ₁) ( Nei and Tajima 1981), Haplotype diversity computed on DNA sequences (H ₂), Tajima’s statistic (D). (A): Genetic relationship among populations based on gene diversity parameters (H ₁, H ₂, Pi). (B): Population clusters based on Tajima’s D values. Population with non-significant D values (p > 0.05) were crossed by (x). Full range of data is available in Supplementary Table S1.