Table 2.

Heterogeneity and pleiotropy analysis of CeD with IBD, UC, and CD using different analytical methods.

Exposure traits	Outcome traits	MR methods	Cochran Q statistic	Heterogeneity p-value	Pleiotropy p-value	MR-PRESSO global outlier test
						RSSOBs	p-value
CeD	IBD	IVW	45.846	0.002	0.422	50.4317	0.002
	UC	IVW	80.0846	6.48E-07	0.664	87.7359	<0.001
	CD	IVW	44.964	0.008	0.785	48.2256	0.011

MR, Mendelian Randomization; CeD, Celiac Disease; CD, Crohn’s Disease; MR-PRESSO, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; UC, Ulcerative Colitis; IVW, Inverse variance weighted.